Bloodstream Infection

Question 1

Laboratory diagnosis of Leptospirosis?

Answer 1

DIAGNOSIS
Leptospirosis
tly present in India are
Specimens: CSF, blood and urine
a, L. Grippotyphosa, L.
Microscopy
L. Javanica, L. Autumnalis,
Dark ground or phase contrast microscope or silver impregnation staining: Reveals spirally coiled bacilli (tightly and regularly coiled), with characteristic hooked ends like umbrella handle.
Isolation
• Culture condition: 30°C for 4-6 weeks
• Medium: EMJH medium, Korthof’s and Fletcher’s media.
Animal inoculation: Samples are inoculated into hamsters and young guinea pigs
Serology for antibody detection
• Genus specific tests: Macroscopic slide agglutination test, latex agglutination test, ELISA, ICT
Serovar specific test: Microscopic agglutination test*
Molecular methods
PCR detecting 65 or 235 RNA or IS1533 genes
PCR-RFLP and PFGE: to detect genomospecies
Nonspecific findings: altered renal and liver function

Question 2

Laboratory diagnosis of candidiasis

Answer 2

Laboratory didanoly
I-speemen coltat: dependina upon
treintechin. blood, unre spure,
+noctuaD, and nail crifing)
2-Piectmorolu: gran+ve
oval budding yeart ceur E
Iscudonyiae
3. cutters: on sDA
produces creamuchite and
4-Identifican
u. Germture tet) (tYI Calbicen
b. Dalman plateatue →
chlapdapores → c.aubrar
c. CHROM agai a carponyarate termentator tet
e. Autonated rustm: MALD-TOF, VITER
f• Molecula nestrad: ich
r. p.d. finanascar.

Question 3

Laboratory diagnostic of candidias

Question 4

Laboratory diagnosis of Kala Azar

Question 5

Laboratory diagnosis of malaria

Answer 5

Microscopic tests:
• Peripheral blood smear-gold standard
> Thick smear—more sensitive
> Thin smear-speciation can be done based on the following features:
• P. vivax-amoeboid ring form and schizont
• P. falciparum-ring forms (multiple ring form, accole form, headphone shaped ring forms), banana shaped gametocytes
P. malariae- band forms
• P. ovale— enlarged fimbriated oval RBC with ring forms
• Quantitative buffy coat examination-parasitized RBCS
appear as brilliant green dots
Nonmicroscopic tests:
• Antigen detection tests (RDTs) or ICTs— detect pan malarial Ag
(LDH, aldolase), falciparum specific Ag (HRP-Il)
• Culture—RPMI 1640 medium
• Molecular diagnosis-PCR targeting 185 DNA.

Question 6

Vascular vegetation on mitral valve
a) diagnosis

Answer 6

1.infective endocarditis

Question 7

Laboratory diagnosis of infective endocarditis
Major criteria
Minor criteria

Answer 7

1 modifiers dukes criteria

Question 8

Pathogenesis of infective endocarditis
Treatment of endocardit