Blood vessels of head and neck

Question 1

What are the three main blood vessels that supply the head?

Answer 1

Internal carotid arteries x2 (brain and eyes)
External carotid arteries x 2 (extracranial structures)
Vertebral arteries x2 (brain)

Question 2

What do the subclavian arteries terminate into?

Answer 2

they become continuous with the axillary arteries

Question 3

At what point do the subclavian arteries terminate?

Answer 3

terminate at the external margin of the 1st rib (then are continuous with axillary arteries)

Question 4

What are the major collateral branches of the subclavian arteries?

Answer 4

vertebral

internal thoracic

Question 5

What are the four parts of the vertebral artery?

Answer 5

cervical part - arisal off subclavian to C1
vertebral part - C1 to C6
suboccipital part - ascends between the atlas and framen magnum
intracranial part - from foramen magnum into the cranial cavity

Question 6

Describe the course of the vertebral artery

Answer 6

each courses through the transverse foramen of C6 to C1 vertebrae

Question 7

What is the origin of the vertebral arteries?

Answer 7

arise from the first part of the subclavian artery

Question 8

When does the vertebral artery terminate?

Answer 8

vertebral arteries unite within the cranial cavity to form the basilar artery

Question 9

Where do the common carotid arteries arise?

Answer 9

R- from brachiocephalic artery

L- from aortic arch

Question 10

Describe the course of the common carotid arteries

Answer 10

each ascends posterolateral to the trachea and larynx

Question 11

At what vertebral level does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

Answer 11

bifurcates at C3/4 intervertebral disc into the internal and external carotid arteries
at superior border of thyroid cartilage (C3/C4)

Question 12

What are the collateral branches of the common carotid arteries?

Answer 12

there are no collateral branches

Question 13

What is the difference in location and diameter of the internal and external carotid arteries?

Answer 13

internal- wider diameter and is posterolateral to the external

Question 14

What is the carotid sinus?

Answer 14

dilation of the most proximal part of the internal carotid artery
contains baroreceptors in its walls (for pressure detection)

Question 15

What are the collateral branches of the external carotid arteries and what do they supply?

Answer 15

collateral- numerous branches that supply thyroid gland and all parts of the head except the brain and eyes

Question 16

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid arteries and what do they supply?

Answer 16

terminal- middle meningeal artery is a collateral branch of maxillary artery

Question 17

From which arteries does the middle meningeal artery branch off?

Answer 17

it is a collateral branch of the maxillary artery, of the external carotid artery

Question 18

What do the middle meningeal arteries supply?

Answer 18

cranial bones and dura

Question 19

Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranial cavity?

Answer 19

through the foramen spinosum

Question 20

At what point does the middle meningeal artery divide into anterior and posterior branches?

Answer 20

at pterion

Question 21

What are the four parts of the internal carotid artery?

Answer 21

cervical part
petrous part
cavernous part
cerebral part

Question 22

Which parts of the internal carotid artery are inside the cranium?

Answer 22

petrous part (carotid canal of petrous part of temporal bone)
cavernous part (carotid groove of the body of the sphenoid bone)
cerebral part (inferior surface of the brain)

Question 23

What is the carotid siphon?

Answer 23

U-shaped portion of the internal carotid artery
Formed partially by cavernous part and partially by cerebral part
opthalmic artery is a branch of the carotid siphon

Question 24

What artery does the opthalmic artery branch off?

Answer 24

carotid siphon region of the internal carotid artery

Question 25

What are the main arteries of the brain?

Answer 25

internal carotid arteries | vertebral arteries

Question 26

Within the brain, what arteries do the internal carotid arteries contribute to?

Answer 26

anterior cerebral arteries middle cerebral arteries posterior communicating arteries

Question 27

Within the brain, what arteries do the vertebral arteries contribute to?

Answer 27

basilar artery | posterior cerebral arteries

Question 28

The Left and Right vertebral arteries form a union which is called ________?

Answer 28

the basilar artery

Question 29

What does the basilar artery terminally divide into?

Answer 29

the left and right posterior cerebral arteries

Question 30

What artery branches off the left and right posterior cerebral arteries?

Answer 30

L & R posterior communicating artery

Question 31

What arteries link the posterior and anterior cerebral arteries to form the ring of vessels known as the circle of willis?

Answer 31

the anterior and posterior communicating arteries

Question 32

What is the percentage of people in which all components of the circle of willis are present and have a normal diameter?

Answer 32

18%

Question 33

What is the middle cerebral artery?

Answer 33

paired; largest terminal branch of the internal carotid artery

Question 34

What is the anterior cerebral artery?

Answer 34

paired; smallest terminal branch of the internal carotid artery

Question 35

What is the anterior communicating artery?

Answer 35

single; courses between the right and left anterior cerebral arteries

Question 36

What is the basilar artery?

Answer 36

single; courses across the ventral surface of the pons; terminally divides into the right and left posterior cerebral arteries

Question 37

What are the posterior communicating arteries?

Answer 37

paired; branch of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery; anastomoses with the posterior cerebral artery

Question 38

What are the three veins that drain the head?

Answer 38

internal jugular veins x2 external jugular veins x2 vertebral venous plexus

Question 39

Which three sinuses drain into the confluence of sinuses?

Answer 39

superior sagittal sinus occipital sinus straight sinus

Question 40

From the confluence of sinus, where does the venous blood drain to?

Answer 40

L&R transverse sinuses then to the sigmoid sinus the to internal jugular vein

Question 41

Describe the passage of venous blood from the great cerebral vein & inferior sagittal sinus to the internal jugular veins

Answer 41

``` great cerebral vein & inferior sagittal sinus straight sinus confluence of sinuses L&R transverse sinuses sigmoid sinus internal jugular vein ```

Question 42

Where are the cavernous venous sinuses located and where do they drain into?

Answer 42

either side of the sella turcica; drains into the petrosal sinuses

Question 43

Describe the passage of venous blood from the cavernous sinus to the internal jugular veins (via the superior petrosal sinus)

Answer 43

``` cavernous sinus superior petrosal sinus transverse sinus sigmoid sinus internal jugular veins ```

Question 44

Describe the passage of venous blood from the cavernous sinus to the internal jugular veins (via the inferior petrosal sinus)

Answer 44

cavernous sinus inferior petrosal sinus sigmoid sinus internal jugular veins

Question 45

What are the superior petrosal sinuses?

Answer 45

they extend within the lateral margins of the tentorium cerebelli along the petrous ridge of the temporal bone drain into the sigmoid sinus

Question 46

What are the sigmoid venous sinuses?

Answer 46

each sinus is a continuation of a transverse sinus and drains into an internal jugular vein

Question 47

Where do the transverse venous sinuses originate?

Answer 47

at the confluence of sinuses

Question 48

What are the venous sinuses within the dura mater?

Answer 48

``` superior sagittal sinus inferior sagittal sinus straight sinus transverse sinuses sigmoid sinuses cavernous sinuses inferior and superior petrosal sinuses ```

Question 49

What is the origin of the internal jugular veins?

Answer 49

continuation of the sigmoid venous sinus in the jugular foramen

Question 50

Where do the internal jugular veins terminate?

Answer 50

each unites (confluence) with subclavian vein to form a brachiocephalic vein

Question 51

What is the location of the internal jugular veins?

Answer 51

each vein lies posterolateral to the common carotid artery and internal carotid artery lies within the carotid sheath

Question 52

Where do the internal jugular veins course?

Answer 52

each vein descends within the carotid sheath | unites with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein

Question 53

What are the left and right vertebral veins?

Answer 53

each vertebral vein is formed by a plexus of small veins that surround the vertebral part of the vertebral artery (within the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae) each drains into the subclavian

Question 54

What are the superficial veins of the neck?

Answer 54

external jugular veins x2

Question 55

What are the external jugular veins?

Answer 55

drain most of the scalp and face course superficial to the sternocleidomastoid commonly drain into the subclavian vein course through the superficial fascia

Question 56

What is the origin of the external jugular veins?

Answer 56

begin near the origin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle | then descends across the sternocleidomastoid muscles

Question 57

What is the origin of the subclavian veins?

Answer 57

each is a continuation of an axillary vein at the external edge of the 1st rib

Question 58

Where do the subclavian veins course?

Answer 58

course anterior to the subclavian artery

Question 59

What are the major tributaries of the subclavian veins?

Answer 59

external jugular veins | vertebral vein plexus (L&R vertebral vein)

Question 60

Where do the subclavian veins terminate?

Answer 60

confluence with the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein

Question 61

What does ipsilateral mean?

Answer 61

belonging to/ occurring on the same side of the body