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Regional and Sectional Anatomy > Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Canal > Flashcards

Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Canal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the abdominal cavity bounded, superiorly and inferiorly, by?

A

Superiorly by thoracic diaphragm

Inferiorly by the pelvic brim and superior pelvic aperture

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2
Q

What is the abdominal cavity continuous with inferiorly?

A

Inferiorly with the pelvic cavity

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3
Q

What does the pelvic brim divide?

A

The pelvic brim divides the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity

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4
Q

What are the three types of muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

External obliquus abdominis
Internal obliquus abdominis
Transversus abdominis

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5
Q

What is the role of parietal peritoneum?

A

The parietal peritoneum protects and houses the abdominal cavity and lines organs such as the small intestines

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6
Q

What is the innermost layer of the abdominal wall?

A

the parietal peritoneum

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7
Q

What is the outermost layer of the abdominal wall?

A

the skin and fascia

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8
Q

What are the four main skeletal structures of the abdominal wall?

A 
Thoracic cage (costal margins)
Hip bones (os coxa)
Pelvic Brim/ Superior Pelvic Aperture of lesser or true pelvis
Lumbar vertebrae
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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

Xiphisternum
Costal margins
Hip bones
Inguinal ligament

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10
Q

What is the Inguinal Ligament?

A

The inguinal ligament is a fibrous band extending from the anterior superior iliac spine to the public tubercle

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11
Q

What muscles is the rectus sheath made up of?

A 
Anterior muscles: rectus abdominis
Anterolateral muscles: 
External Obliquus abdominis
Internal Obliquus abdominis
Transversus abdominis
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12
Q

What are the tendinous intersections?

A

The tendinous intersections are the three fibrous bands that cross the rectus abdominis muscle

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13
Q

Where does the superficial inguinal ring sit in relation to the public tubercle?

A

The superficial inguinal ring sits just above the public tubercle

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14
Q

What are the four main supportive structures of the abdominal wall?

A

Inguinal ligament
Transversalis fascia
Extraperitoneal fat
Parietal peritoneum

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15
Q

What three things cover the spermatic cord?

A

Internal spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle
External spermatic fascia

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16
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A
  • Short passage that extends inferiorly and medially, through the inferior part of the abdominal wall
  • It is superior and parallel to the inguinal ligament.
  • It acts as a pathway by which structures can pass from the abdominal wall to the external genitalia.
  • A common site of herniation.
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17
Q

What is the transversalis fascia?

A

The transversalis fascia is a thin layer of fascia that lines the transversus abdominis muscle.
The extraperitoneal fat is deep to it
The opening in the transversalis fascia is the deep inguinal ring.

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18
Q

What is the deep inguinal ring?

A

The deep inguinal ring is an opening in the transversalis fascia that is situated near the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

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19
Q

What is the females’ equivalent of the spermatic cord?

A

The round ligament of uterus

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20
Q

Inguinal canal of male?

A

4 to 5cm long (longer and wider than female)
Extends through anterolateral muscles of abdominal wall
Contains a spermatic cord

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21
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

inferomedial opening within the aponeurosis of the external obliquus abdominus
Spermatic cord passes through

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22
Q

What are the contents of the female inguinal canal?

A

Round ligament of uterus
fat pad
blood vessels and nerves

23
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

Protrusion or passage of a peritoneal sac through a weakened part of abdominal wall of inguinal region
2 types:
direct (through posterior wall of inguinal canal)
indirect (through deep inguinal ring)

24
Q

Indirect Inguinal Hernia?

A

bowel (usually small intestine, rarely large intestine) pass through the deep inguinal ring
66-75% incidence
traverses entire inguinal canal
exits through the superficial inguinal ring inside the spermatic cord
commonly enters scrotum

25
Q

Why are indirect inguinal hernias more common in males compared to females?

A

The inguinal canal is wider in males and therefore more likely.

26
Q

Direct inguinal hernias?

A

Bowel passes through the peritoneum and transversalis fascia in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal
25-33% incidence
only traverses medial 1/3 of inguinal canal
rarely enters scrotum

27
Q

What are the 4 main muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Psoas major
Iliacus
Iliopsoas
Quadratus Lumborum

28
Q

What two muscle join to form the iliopsoas?

A

Psoas Major and Iliacus

29
Q

Quadratus Lumborum?

A

Extends from lower ribs to iliac crest

30
Q

What are the posterior abdominal wall muscles important for?

A

They are important for movement and protection of organs as there are no skeletal structures

31
Q

Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen?

A 
Epigastric fossa
Linea Semilunaris
Tendinous intersection of rectus abdominis
Umbilicus
Anterior superior iliac spine
Linea Alba
Inguinal groove
32
Q

Epigastric Fossa?

A

Depression that is inferior to the xiphoid proces (point of triangle when ripped)

33
Q

Linea Semilunaris

A

Bilateral vertical curved line in the anterior abdominal wall where the layers of the rectus sheath fuse lateral to the rectus abdominis muscle and medial to the oblique muscles

34
Q

Linea Alba

A

The depression along the midline between the xiphisternal joint and the pubic symphysis

35
Q

Inguinal Groove?

A

The depression coursing the inguinal ligament

36
Q

What and where are Tendinous intersections of rectus abdominis?

A

The rectus abdominis is crossed by three fibrous bands called the tendinous intersections:

  • umbilicus
  • xiphoid process
  • midway between the umbilicus and xiphoid process
37
Q

What are the four anatomical planes of the abdominal cavity

A

2x midclavicular
1x transtubercular
1x transpyloric

38
Q

What are the landmarks through which the transtubercular plane passes?

A

Transverse plane coursing through the left and right iliac tubercle of the iliac crest

39
Q

What are the landmarks through which the transpyloric plane passes?

A

The transpyloric plane is the midpoint between the superior aspect of the manubrium and the pubic tubercle

40
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdominal cavity?

A 
Left and Right hypochondria
Epigastric region
Left and Right lumbar
Umbilical region
Left and Right Inguinal 
Hypogastric region
41
Q

What are the four quadrants of the abdominal cavity?

A

Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

42
Q

What are the 2 planes that make up the four quadrants?

A

The median plane and the transumbilical plane (plane that passes through the the umbilicus)

43
Q

What does the transpyloric plane pass through?

A

The transpyloric plane is an imaginary horizontal plane around L1, it is determined by drawing a line midway between the jugular notch of the manubrium and the pubic symphysis

44
Q

What does the subcostal plane pass through?

A

The subcostal plane is an imaginary horizontal plane that connects the inferior most point of the costal margins along the inferior borders of the 10th costal cartilages

45
Q

What does the transtubercular plane pass through?

A

The transtubercular pass is an imaginary horizontal plane which passes through the iliac tubercles of the iliac crest and body of L5

46
Q

What do the midclavicular lines pass through?

A

Each midclavicular line is verticle and extends inferiorly from the midpoint of the clavicle to the mid-inguinal point (which is midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis)

47
Q

What are the superior abdominal regions?

A

right hypochondriac, epigastric and left hypochondriac

48
Q

What are the middle abdominal regions?

A

Right lumbar/lateral, umbilical and left lumbar/lateral

49
Q

What are the inferior abdominal regions?

A

Right iliac/inguinal, hypogastric/pubic and left iliac/inguinal

50
Q

What are the major structures contained in the right upper quadrant?

A 
Right lobe of live
right kidney
gallbladder
transverse colon
pancreas
hepatic flexure
duodenum
part of pylorus
51
Q

What are the major structures contained in the left upper quadrant?

A 
Stomach
left lobe of liver
small intestine
transverse colon
splenic flexure
pancreas
left kidney
spleen
52
Q

What are the major structures contained in the right lower quadrant?

A 
Appendix
ascending colon
small intestine
right ureter
cecum
right spermatic duct/ right ovary
bladder
53
Q

What are the major structures contained in the left lower quadrant?

A 
Small intestinge
left ureter
sigmoid flexure
descending colon
bladder
left spermatic duct/ left ovary

Regional and Sectional Anatomy (9 decks)

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