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Blood typing Flashcards

1
Q

soluble antigen + soluble antibody

A

insoluble complexes

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2
Q

visible aggregation of particles caused by combination of particulate antigen with specific antibody

A

Agglutination

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3
Q

where does the reaction of agglutination take place

A

on the surface of particle

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4
Q

antigen is adsorbed onto the surface of the particle

A

free floating

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5
Q

involves combining soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible

A

Precipitation

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6
Q

substance where antigens are coated/located

A

particles

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7
Q

Types of particles used in agglutination

A

RIBS

  • RBC
  • Inert carriers (ex.latex particles)
  • Bacteria Cells
  • Synthetic beads
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8
Q

Agglutination Reaction Steps

A
  1. sensitization

2. Lattice formation

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9
Q

Enhance Lattice formation

A
  1. Decrease the buffer’s ionic strength
  2. Add 5-30% albumin
  3. Increase viscosity of RBC
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10
Q

the secondary stage where the antibody and multivalent antigen forms a stable network

A

Lattice formation

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11
Q

exists a net-like configuration, which consists of a stable network between sensitized antigen and antibody. It takes much time to occur than the sensitization.

A

lattice

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12
Q

How can you decrease a buffer’s ionic strength

A

Use Low ionic strength saline/solution

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13
Q

Advantages of adding 5-30% albumin in ehancement of lattice formation

A
  • neutralizes the surface charge of RBC

- allow RBCS to approach each other more closely

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14
Q

How can you increase viscosity of RBC

A
  1. Dextran or Polyethylene glycol ( PEG )
  2. Addition of enzymes (bromelin, trypsin, papain, ficin)
  3. Agitation & centrifugation
  4. Altering the pH & temp (igG and agM are antibodies of interest)
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15
Q

Immunoglobulin that agglutinates best at 4 degrees celsius and 27 degrees celsius

A

IgM

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16
Q

warm reacting antibody

A

IgG

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17
Q

cold reacting antibody

A

Ig M

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18
Q

IgG reacts best at what temperature

A

30-37 degrees celsius

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19
Q

Optimal ph for Agglutination

A

6.5-7.5

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20
Q

exceptions for altering ph and temp

A

acid loving antibodies (antibodies that react best at lower pH) , Anti M (MNS group) and anti P1 (P1 group)

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21
Q

Types of agglutination

A

CRAP , D

  1. Direct agglutination
  2. Passive agglutination (indirect agglutination)
  3. Reverse passive agglutination
  4. Agglutination inhibition
  5. Coagglutination
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22
Q

– specific antibodies that produce agglutination reactions

A

agglutinins

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23
Q

Involves antigen-antibody combination through single antigenic determinant on
the surface of the particle (1 Fab site and 1 epitope)

A

Sensitization

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24
Q

It follows the law of mass action: free reactants are in equilibrium with bound
reactants

A

Sensitization

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25
Q 
most efficient class of Ab in agglutination by
700x than IgG because of its bigger size
26
Q

has restricted flexibility at the hinge region

27
Q

agglutination reaction step Affected by the nature of the antibody molecules (IgM, IgG) and the antigens

A

sensitization

28
Q

Stabilization of antigen-antibody complexes with the binding of multiple
antigenic determinants

A

lattice formation

29
Q

In order for agglutination to happen, the negative

charged must be controlled and the lattice formation must be enhanced.

30
Q

Reduce the water of hydration around cells and allow them to come into
closer proximity for antibody to join together

A

Dextran or polyethylene glycol (PEG)

31
Q

Cleaves the sialoglycoprotein/sialic acid which reduces the surface charge on
RBCs which also causes changes in the external configuration of the RBC
membrane revealing more epitopes and decreasing hydration => RBC stick
together

A

Addition of enzymes (bromelin, trypsin, papain, ficin)

32
Q

provides physical means to increase cell to cell

contact

A

Agitation & centrifugation

33
Q

forward/front typing method

A
  • slide method

* tube method

34
Q

occurs when antigens are naturally

found on a particle.

A

Direct agglutination (blood typing principle)

35
Q

Direct agglutination involving RBCs

A

hemagglutination

36
Q

particles are coated w/ antigens

not naturally found on the surface of particle.

A

. Passive agglutination (indirect agglutination)

37
Q

Passive agglutination (indirect agglutination) example

A

Detection of rheumatic factor (IgM that attacks Fc of IgG); Antinuclear antibody (ANA) as seen in SLE patients

38
Q

Reverse passive agglutination

A

Detection of CRP (C reactive protein) & CALAS (Cryptococcal
Antigen Latex Agglutination System; Cryptococcus neoformans causes
fungal meningitis)

39
Q

Reverse: instead of antigen, antibody is attached to a carrier particle
- Passive: antibody not normally found on surface of particle

A

Reverse passive agglutination

40
Q

Based on the competition between particulate & soluble antigens for limited
combining sites

A

Agglutination inhibition

41
Q
  • Lack of agglutination = positive reaction
A

Agglutination inhibition

42
Q

Detection of illicit drugs (cocaine or heroin)

A

Agglutination inhibition

43
Q
  • Uses bacteria as the inert particles to which antibody is attached
A

Coagglutination

44
Q

commonly used in coagglutination

45
Q

type of agglutination where Reactions are difficult to read due to bacteria being colorless

A

Coagglutination

46
Q

what protein is found in S. Aureus

47
Q

whats the use of protein a in coagglutination

A

naturally adsorbs Fc portion of antibody molecules

48
Q

cause cross reactions since some antigens share the sameantigenic properties causing them to react with the same antibody

49
Q

ideal but expensive TYPE OF PARTICLE USED IN AGGLUTINATION

A

Synthetic beads

50
Q

TYPE OF PARTICLE USED IN AGGLUTINATION which is inexpensive, relatively stable, unlikely to cause cross reactions and results are relatively easy to read

A

Inert Carriers (e.g. latex particles)

51
Q

Advantage: consistency, conformity and stability; reactions are easy to read
because of large particles

A

Synthetic beads

52
Q

In ionic solution, red cells surround themselves with cations to
form an ionic cloud keeping them about 25 nm apart.

53
Q

what causes a slight negative surface charge in Erythrocytes and bacterial cells

A

sialic acid/sialoglycoprotein

54
Q

an antibody that will react only with the specific red blood cell antigen against which it is
directed

A

Typing serum

55
Q

How long do you centrifuge in tube method for Blood typing

A

30 seconds

56
Q

0 agglutination reaction

A

No agglutination

57
Q

W+ Agglutination reaction

A

Tiny agglutinates with turbid background

58
Q

1+ agglutination reaction

A

Small agglutinates with turbid background

59
Q

2+agglutination reaction

A

Medium sized agglutinates with clear background

60
Q

3+ agglutination reaction

A

Several large agglutinates with clear background

61
Q

4+ agglutination reaction

A

One solid agglutinate

Immuno-sero (4 decks)

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