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Path - Haematology > Blood Transfusions 1 > Flashcards

Blood Transfusions 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of pop Is RhD positive?

A

85%

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2
Q

What RhD blood can RhD+ patients receive

A

Either -ve or +ve

Although -ve is a waste

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3
Q

What percentage of pop is RhD neg?

A

15%

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4
Q

What RhD blood can RhD- patients receive

A

RhD- ONLY

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5
Q

What kind of antibodies develop in RhD cross reaction?

A

IgG

These are SMALL, so they can cross the PLACENTA

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6
Q

What phenomenon occurs with RhD -ve recepient given RhD +ve blood?

A

delayed haemolytic transfusion

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7
Q

What antibodies other that ABO D do we look for in a patient?

A

Kell (K)
Duffy
Kidd (Jk)

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8
Q

What diseases will occur in subsequent pregnancies if RhD-ve mum carries RhD+ child?

A

Haemolytic disease of the newborn

Hydrops faetalis

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9
Q

How do you group RBC?

A

Add known anti-A, anti-B, antiD reagents to patients blood cells
If cells agglutinate, this indicates that patient is +ve for that protein

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10
Q

How do you group patient plasma?

A

Add known A and B group RBC to patient plasma (may have IgM antibodies)

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11
Q

What technique is used for grouping RBC ?

A

Column agglutination technology

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12
Q

What is the problem with column agglutination technolgy?

A

That it is impossible To test for all known glycoproteins this way

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13
Q

How does Group and Screen work?

A
  1. Mix pt RBC with reagent anti-A/anti-B/anti-D
  2. Use Indirect Antibody Technique (IAT) - add anti-human Ig (COOMBES ANTIBODIES) to allow bridging of cells
  3. Check for agglutination
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14
Q

What does group and screen tell you?

A

It tells you the patients blood type and if the patient has any atypical antibodies

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15
Q

What does a crossmatch tell you?

A

Whether there is incompatibility between your patient’s blood and the donor blood

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16
Q

How does a full crossmatch work?

A

Incubate pt plasma with donor RBC
Use IAT
This detects an antibody-antigen reaction that could destroy the RBC leading to extravasc haemolysis

17
Q

Why are Coombes antibodies added to G&S/Xmatch?

A

To stimulate cross linking between IgG antibodies and RBC

18
Q

When is an immediate spin used for crossmatch?

A

in emergencies

19
Q

Explain immediate spin

A

Incubate patient plasma and donor cells for 5 minutes only and SPIN

This will only detect ABO incompatibilityu

20
Q

Is cross match important if someone is bleeding massively?

A

NO

Because they lose blood before they are able to make antibodies to it

21
Q

When can electronic crossmatch be used?

A

if patient doesn’t have antibodies

22
Q

How long do donated RBC survive for’

A

35 days

23
Q

At what temperature are donated RBC kept

A

4 degrees

24
Q

What compatibility needs to be checked for RBC transfusion?

A

ABO D
plus others
Give O neg in emergency

25
Q

What compatibility needs to be checked for platelets?

A

ABO D

26
Q

Is crossmatch necessary for platelets?

A

NO

because antigens are only weakly expressed

27
Q

What compatibility needs to be checked for plasma?

A

ABO compatibility only

RhD not required

28
Q

What is the universal plasma?

A

AB

Because it has no antibodies

29
Q

When do you need to crossmatch?

A

If antibodies are present on recipient!!

30
Q

What Are indications for a transfusion in major haemorrhage?

A

> 30% blood vol lost

31
Q

Are autologous transfusions done in UK?

A

NO

32
Q

When do you screen for CMV in blood transfusions?

A

Intra-uterine/neonatal transfusions

Elective transfusions for pregnant women

33
Q

When do you need to irradiate blood?i

A

IMMUNOSUPPRESSED PATIENTS
because the patients immune system won’t be able to kill off donor lymphocytes
So donor lymphocytes will attack patient
this will cause GvHD

34
Q

What classes of people is cell salvage useful in?

A

Jehovas witness

People with rare blood groups

35
Q

What type of people do you give washed blood to?

A

Patients who have had severe allergic reactions to transfusion in the past

36
Q

what are contraindications for platelet transfusion?

A

HITT

TTP

37
Q

What is content of FFP?

A

Clotting factors, fibrinogen

Anticoagulants (prot C, S, antithrombin, TFPI)

38
Q

What is the treatment of choice to reverse warfarin?

A

Prothrombin complex concentrate

contais factors 2,7,9,10

39
Q

What other substance can be given to reduce bleeding / blood transfusion need in haemorrhage=?

A

Tranexamic acid

Path - Haematology (17 decks)

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