Blood Transfusion Flashcards
What Antigens will group A blood type patients have on their RBCs? and what antibodies in their plasma?
On RBC = A Antigens
In Plasma = Anti B antibodies
What antibodies will group B blood type patients have on their RBCs? and what antibodies in their plasma?
On RBC = B antigens
In Plasma = Anti-A antibodies
What antibodies will group AB blood type patients have on their RBCs? and what antibodies in their plasma?
On RBC = A and B antigens
In Plasma = No antibodies
What antibodies will group O blood type patients have on their RBCs? and what antibodies in their plasma?
On RBC = No antigens
In Plasma = Anti A and Anti B Antibodies
Why can AB+ take blood from anyone?
AB people do not have any antibodies in their plasma, so there is nothing to attack the foreign RBCs when they are transfused
How do you cross match a sample of blood for transfusion?
Take a sample of PATIENTS SERUM (as serum contains the antibodies) and the DONOR RBC - if they agglutinate (clump) then the samples are incompatible
During blood testing, what infections are tested for?
HIV, HEP B C E, HTLV And Syphillis
Do we test for Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease?
Yes
Who do we give red cells to?
Patients with anaemia
Who do we give Fresh Frozen Plasma to?
People who are bleeding and their clotting is deranged, or reverse warfarin quickly eg if they are about to have surgery
What does cryoprecipitate have specifically?
Fibrinogen and Vin Willebrand Factor
When is cryoprecipitate given?
If massive bleeding or fibrinogen is very los
Who do we give factor 8 and 9 to?
Hemophiliacs = factor 8 and 9 deficiency
In what circumstance might we give a patient immunoglobulins?
Hepatitis A sufferers
What RhD group are you if you lack the RhD antigen?
Negative
Do RhD negative patients have Anti-D antibodies in their plasma?
No but they can make Anti - D antibodies
How do RhD Negative People make anti D antibodies?
- Women may be pregnant with a RhD positive baby
2. Transfusion of RhD positive blood
If a RhD negative patient has a blood transfusion with a RhD positive person, what implications does this have for their future transfusion?
Their next transfusion must be with an RhD negative individual otherwise the Anti-D antibodies which they will have made will react with the D antigens on the RBC of RhD positive people and cause a haemolytic transfusion reaction - in this case delayed as it occurs during the second transfusion. can also cause jaundice and high bilirubin due to haemolysis
What is haemolytic disease of the newborn?
This is where an RhD negative first child was RhD positive so mother made Anti-D antibodies, and second child is also RhD positive, then the Anti-D antibodies can cross the placenta and cause haemolysis of the foetal red cells
What allows the Anti-D antibodies to cross the placenta?
They are class IgG
What implications does Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn have?
If severe, baby does not survive birth
If leas severe, baby may survive birth but brain may be damaged due to high build up of bilirubin in the brain, leading to death
How can the formation of Anti-D antibodies in mothers be prevented?
Give them Anti-D Immunoglobins
How does giving the mother Anti-D immunoglobins work to prevent HDN?
Anti-D works by destroying any RhD positive blood in the mother’s circulation, before it can be recognized by the mothers systems and therefore before the mothers own Anti-D antibodies can be made, thus preventing HDN
Which blood component will patients need to replace all their clotting factors which have been depleted during massive bleeding?
Fresh frozen plasma
