Blood System

Question 1

what are the two diff parts of the circulatory system?

Answer 1

• 2 diff parts of circulatory system
○ Pulmonary
○ Systemic – basically means everything else – “systemic infection” means it is not localized

Question 2

which materials need to be exchanged from cell to cell?

Answer 2

○ Animals cells exchange materials across cell membrane
			§ Fuels for energy
			§ Nutrients
			§ Oxygen
			§ Water

Question 3

what stuff is transported in the blood system?

Answer 3

§ Everything transported in system
□ Nutrients and fuels from digestive system
□ Respiratory gasses – o2 and co2 from gas exchange systems, lungs and gills
□ Intracellular waste – waste products from cells like water, salts, nitrogenous wastes
□ Protective agents, immune defenses like WBCs and antibodies
□ Blood clotting agents
□ Regulatory molecules like hormones

Question 4

what are the two types of strokes?

Answer 4

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
and
transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Question 5

Describe a transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer 5

§ DBT, deep vein thrombosis: blood clot, when in brain = stroke. Most commonly what happens is atrial fibrillation in heart (fluttering) and blood starts to move slowly in chamber, clotting factors start to clot blood which may go to lungs which can cause a pulmonary embolism or it can go to the brain, which has capillary beds throughout and has small vascular connections – transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Question 6

Describe a Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)

Answer 6

§ Bleed/Brain Attack/Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA): Healthy blood vessel with little outpouching/weakness in walls of blood vessel – called aneurism – if it occurs in brain, it might not affect us or it might bulge and press on other parts, causing a headache, but if it bursts, it acts like a high pressure hose, causing a cavitation and killing surrounding brain cells, Arterial Vascular Malformation: abnormal growth of vesicles

Question 7

describe the structure of a red blood cell

Answer 7

§ Small biconcave disks
□ Large surface area
□ Produced in marrow of long bones
□ Lack nuclei and mitochondria
□ More space for hemoglobin
□ Iron containing protein that transports O2
□ Generate ATB by anaerobic respiration

Question 8

how long does an average red blood cell last?

Answer 8

3-4 months (120 days)

Question 9

how are red blood cells destroyed?

Answer 9

§ Ingested by phagocytic cells in liver called Kuepfer cells in liver and spleen
§ About 3 million destroyed each minute

Question 10

how are red blood cells created?

Answer 10

§ 5-6 million RBC in 1(mu)L of human blood
§ 5 L of blood in average human body – 25 trillion RBC
§ Produce approximately 3 million RBC every second in bone marrow to replace cells lost through attrition
§ Each RBC 250,000 molecules hemoglobin
§ Each Hb molecules carries 4 O2
§ Each RBC carries 1 million O2

Question 11

how does 02 leave a red blood cell?

Answer 11

simple diffusion

Question 12

what are the organs of gas exchange?

Answer 12

○ Diffusion across a body service – earthworms, unicellular and small multicellular organisms
○ Most are aquatic of live in moist terrestrial environments
○ Organisms that are large or live in dry environments needs a specialized respiratory organ – gills or lungs

Question 13

what does the atrium do?

Answer 13

receives blood

Question 14

what does the ventricle do?

Answer 14

pumps blood out

Question 15

out of arteries and veins which brings blood to the heart and which carries blood away?

Answer 15

arteries carry oxygenated blood away and veins bring deoxygenated blood back

Question 16

describe arteries

Answer 16

○ Arteries – super muscular, thicker, more flexible than veins – provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood, narrower diameter, elasticity, elastic recoil helps maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes
§ High blood pressure can have utility – artery walls can constrict when you need blood somewhere quickly
§ When you work out you are training muscles in blood vessels too
§ There is a vascular surgeon – a job just where people are doing surgery on blood vessels
§ Brain surgery involves a lot of vascular surgery

Question 17

describe veins

Answer 17

○ Veins – built for low pressure flow – valves inside, keep blood from going backwards, mass of blood has to go up in stages to heart, very compartmentalized
§ Varicose veins happen when you get old – valves get damaged as you get old – blood leaks out into area around vessel
§ If we have insufficient blood we constrict blood from veins
§ Blood pressure drops dramatically when someone goes into shock
§ Elephants rock while sleeping to pump blood from extremities

Question 18

○ How come when you sprint you don’t just stop at the end?

Answer 18

○ How come when you sprint you don’t just stop at the end?
§ You have to warm down because your muscles are still pushing on your vessels – your heart isn’t the only thing pumping blood, legs etc. are also increasing the pressure – if you stop pumping those then your blood pressure will have to be maintained solely by the heart

Question 19

Which part of the blood system has the thinnest walls?

Answer 19

Capillaries

Question 20

Where does carbon dioxide enter the lungs?

Answer 20

Capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs and hind limbs

Question 21

Where is blood pressure highest?

Answer 21

the aorta

Question 22

Where does most gas exchange with blood vessels occur?

Answer 22

The walls of the alveoli

Question 23

What carries oxygenated veins from the lungs and where does it bring it?

Answer 23

The pulmonary arteries carries blood to the left atrium

Question 24

After it goes to the pulmonary veins, where does blood flow?

Answer 24

The left atrium

Question 25

What’s double circulation?

Answer 25

In mammals, blood pumped by the right side of the heart passes through the lungs and enters the left side of the heart. This is the pulmonary circuit. Blood pumped by the left side of the heart is distributed to the other body organs and returns to the right side of the heart. This is the systemic circuit. This pattern, called double circulation, ensures vigorous blood flow to the organs, because the heart pumps the blood a second time after it returns from the lungs.

Question 26

Where does blood flow from the anterior vena cava?

Answer 26

The right atrium

Question 27

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, where does blood flow?

Answer 27

The vena cava

Question 28

What is the function of the circulatory system?

Answer 28

It brings transport liquid into close contact with all of the cells in the body.

Question 29

Why is the double circuit necessary for land vertebrates?

Answer 29

The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.

Question 30

Land vertebrates have two pumping circuits composing their circulatory system. Which is high and which is low pressure?

Answer 30

The pulmonary circulation is the lower-pressure circuit to the lung, whereas the systemic circulation is the higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.

Question 31

What is the function of the left ventricle?

Answer 31

The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.

Question 32

Which event occurs first during diastole?

Answer 32

The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. Diastole is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle during which the chambers of the heart are relaxed and blood can enter them passively.

Question 33

Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured?

Answer 33

The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria. The systolic blood pressure is the peak blood pressure, resulting from contraction of the ventricles.