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Revision for GPhC Exam > Blood Results - U&E's > Flashcards

Blood Results - U&E's Flashcards

1
Q

What is the limit for hypernatraemia?

A

> 145 mmol/L

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2
Q

What are 5 common CNS symptoms of hypernatraemia?

A 
lethargy 
weakness
confusion
irritability 
myoclonic seizures.
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3
Q

What is the limit for hyponatraemia?

A

<135 mmol/L

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4
Q

What are some common symptoms of hyponatraemia?

A

chronic - headaches, nausea, poor balance

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5
Q

What is a more common cause of hyponatraemia - low Na intake OR too much water?

A

Too much water - overdilution of blood.

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6
Q

What are 3 severe symptoms of hyponatraemia?

A

vomiting
confusion
seizures

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7
Q

what is the normal range for sodium in the blood?

A

135-145 mmol/L

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8
Q

What are 3 common drugs that can cause hyponatraemia?

A

thiazide diuretics
PPI
NSAIDs

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9
Q

What is the normal range for potassium in the blood?

A

3.5 - 5.5 mmol/L

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10
Q

What is defined as severe hypokalaemia?

A

<2.5 mmol/L

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11
Q

What are some common symptoms of hypokalaemia?

A

Muscle - weakness, tiredness, cramping
GIT - N+V and constipation
CVS - palpitations, hypotension.

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12
Q

What are 3 common causes of increased K loss?

A

GI - n+v diarrhoea

Renal loss - furosemide

Magnesium deficiency - needed to reabsorb K

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13
Q

What are some common causes of decreased K intake?

A

poor diet/malnutrition
illness
alcohol abuse

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14
Q

Which 2 drugs can cause an intracellular shift of K (from blood to cells)?

A

insulin - K out of blood into cells.

b-agonists - hypokalaemia.

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15
Q

Which 3 specific drugs can cause a transcellular K shift?

A

verapamil

pseudoephedrine

theophylline

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16
Q

What 4 drugs can cause increased renal K loss?

A

loop diuretics
fludrocortisone
gentamicin
penicillin

17
Q

What are some mild symptoms of hyperkalaemia?

A

muscle weakness + tingling sensations
tiredness
nausea

18
Q

Which level of hyperkalaemia can cause ECG changes?

A

> 6.0 mmol/L

19
Q

What 4 ways can hyperkalaemia be treated?

A
  • cation exchange resins
  • IV glucose and insulin
  • nebulised salbutamol
  • haemodialysis
20
Q

What are the 4 main causes of hyperkalaemia?

A
  • drugs
  • inadequate excretion
  • shifting K from tissue to blood
  • excessive intake
21
Q

What 4 drug groups can cause hyperkalaemia?

A

K-sparing diuretics
NSAIDs
Trimethiprom
ACE-I/ARBs

22
Q

What 3 ways can K be shifted from tissue to blood?

A
  • trauma - burns
  • haemodialysis
  • insulin def
23
Q

What is the ref range for urea in the blood?

A

1.7 - 7.1 mmol/L

24
Q

What 3 parameters does urea help determine?

A
  • hydration status
  • renal function
  • liver function
25
Q

What 5 things can contribute to increased urea concentration?

A
  • dehydration
  • high protein diet
  • increased catabolism
  • GI bleed
  • renal imp
26
Q

What 4 things can cause reduced urea concentration?

A
  • over hydration
  • hepatic imp
  • low protein diet
  • pregnancy
27
Q

What is the eGFR associated with CKD stage 1?

A

> 90ml/min

28
Q

What is the eGFR associated with CKD stage 2?

A

60-89 ml/min

29
Q

What is the eGFR associated with CKD stage 3A and 3B?

A

A 45-59 ml/min

B 30-44 ml/min

30
Q

What is the eGFR associated with CKD stage 4?

A

15-29

31
Q

What is the eGFR associated with CKD stage 5?

A

< 15

32
Q

What are some characteristics of AKI?

A
  • rise in serum creatinine of 26 micromol/L
  • 50% greater rise in serum creatinine
  • fall in urine output <0.5ml/kg/hr
  • 25% greater fall in eGFR
33
Q

List some risk factors for developing AKI ?

A
  • previous AKI
  • CKD
  • Increasing age
  • Dehydration
  • sepsis
  • comorbid conditions eg diabetes.
  • nephrotoxic drugs.
34
Q

List 4 types of nephrotoxic drugs?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • ACE-I /ARB
  • Gentamicin
  • Diuretics
35
Q

List some common symptoms of an AKI?

A 
reduced/no urine output
oedema
fatigue
tiredness
SOB
confusion 
nausea
chest pain/pressure
36
Q

What are the 5 medicines on a Sick Day Rules card?

A
  • metformin
  • NSAIDs
  • ACE-I
  • ARB
  • Diuretics
37
Q

Is a urea level of 0.9 mmol/L normal to see in late pregnancy?

A

Yes - due to increased blood volume = over-dilution.

Revision for GPhC Exam (11 decks)

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