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Cardiovascular > Blood pressure > Flashcards

Blood pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for blood pressure/arterial pressure?

A

Pa = CO X TPR

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2
Q

What is blood pressure altered by?

A

CO and TPR

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3
Q

What is normal BP for a cat/dog? What do you have to take into account when measuring BP?

A

120/80

Higher when stressed - e.g. in practice

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4
Q

What is BP measured in? What does each number mean?

A

Millimetres of mercury (mmHg)

Systolic pressure/diastolic pressure

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5
Q

What affects stroke volume?

A

ESVV and EDVV - which in turn affects CO and BP

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6
Q

What is the consequence of a pathologically high HR?

A

CO is decreased due to decreased EDVV

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7
Q

What happens to systole during a physiologically high HR? What about vessel size?

A

Systole shortened to preserve diastole

Vasoconstriction

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8
Q

What are the consequences of a persistently low BP?

A

Prerenal failure - kidney working itself but decreased blood flow to kidney decreases function
Reduced GFR and urine production
Low tissue perfusion - fainting during exercise
Muscle atrophy

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9
Q

What are the consequences of a persistently high BP?

A

Increased afterload - ventricles have to work hard so stretch or thicken
Kidney damage
Retinal blood vessels wider and more tortuous than usual
Retinal detachment (end stage)

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10
Q

When are intrinsic controls of blood flow used? What are the 2 intrinsic controls of blood flow?

A

Within the tissue itself, local acting and within normal BP

Metabolic autoregulation and paracrine control

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11
Q

When are extrinsic controls of blood flow used? What are they (3) ?

A

When outside of normal BP

Preserve blood flow to essential tissue, baroreflex (acute), RAAS (chronic)

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12
Q

What is metabolic auto regulation?

A

Blood flow matches metabolic demand

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13
Q

What is paracrine control?

A

Vasoconstriction hormones and nitric oxide (vasodilator)

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14
Q

When is the baroreflex used to control blood flow? Does it alter blood volume?

A

Extrinsic mechanism, acute

No

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15
Q

When is the RAAS system used? Does it alter blood volume?

A

Extrinsic mechanism, chronic. Prolonged baroreflex stimulates RAAS
Yes

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16
Q

Where does the baroreflex send input info? The output info is via what nervous system?

A

CV centre in medulla oblongata

Output via ANS

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17
Q

What does baroreflex cause when BP is increased and decreased?

A

BP decreased = increase in sympathetic NS, decrease in parasympathetic NS
BP increased = decrease in sympathetic NS, decrease in parasympathetic NS

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18
Q

What are the adrenergic autonomic receptors? What nervous system are these mainly?

A

a1, a2, B1, B2

Sympathetic nervous system

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19
Q

What are the cholinergic autonomic receptors? What nervous system do these mainly use?

A

M2, M3

Parasympathetic NS

20
Q

Where are a1 and a2 receptors located? What is their action?

A

Blood vessels

Vasoconstriction

21
Q

Where are B1 receptors located? What is their action?

A

Cardiomyocytes and nodal tissue

Increase HR and contractility

22
Q

Where are B2 receptors located? What is their action?

A

Blood vessels

Vasodilation during fight/flight

23
Q

Where are M2 receptors located?

A

Cardiomyocytes and nodal tissue

Decrease HR and contractility

24
Q

Where are M3 receptors located?

A

Blood vessels

Vasodilation during rest and digest

25
Q

Nitric oxide is a vasodilator involved in the intrinsic control of blood flow. Where is it released? How does it work?

A

Endothelial cells and blood vessels

Cause relaxation of smooth muscle by activating cGMP which activates MLCP–> vasodilation

26
Q

Which NS causes vasodilation via nitric oxide?

A

Parasympathetic

27
Q

Which organ is the central regulation of BP? What do changes in BP cause a change in?

A

Kidneys

Increased BP –> Increased GFR and urine output

28
Q

What part of the nephron monitors blood pressure? What happens when this detects a decrease in BP?

A

Afferent arterioles

Activates RAAS

29
Q

What does renal artery perfusion regulate?

A

Sodium excretion - which itself alters water retention and BP

30
Q

What part of the nephron detects sodium ions and what does this lead to?

A

Macula densa cells in DCT

Activates RAAS

31
Q

High BP and kidney damage go hand in hand - it is hard to know which came first. Why does kidney disease often lead to high BP?

A

Can’t excrete sufficient Na
Water retention –> increased BP
Kidney not perfused properly –> sympathetic activation and activate RAAS

32
Q

Changing blood volume is controlled how and by which nervous system?

A

Vasoconstriction by autonomic NS

Doesn’t actually alter volume but alters space to circulate

33
Q

What are 3 ways blood volume can be changed?

A

Vasoconstriction (kind of)
RAAS
Kidneys (management of Na and ability to concentrate urine)

34
Q

Changing blood volume leads to a change in…

A

CO which alters BP

35
Q

Changing contractility leads to a change in….

A

CO which alters BP

36
Q

Changing blood vessel diameter leads to a change in….

A

TPR which alters BP

37
Q

B1 receptors change contractility at a cellular level. How do these receptors work?

A

Adrenaline/noradrenaline bind to B1 receptor
Leads to formation of cAMP
cAMP activates PKA
PKA phosphorylates Ca channels and causes a calcium influx

38
Q

What does cardiac muscle have that smooth muscle does NOT have?

A

Troponin

Troponin not present in smooth muscle

39
Q

How is smooth muscle activated?

A

Chemical, electrical or stretch stimuli

40
Q

How does calcium cause smooth muscle to contract?

A

Increased cellular calcium activates MLCK
MLCK causes phosphorylation of MLC
Causes cross bridge formation and contraction

41
Q

How does smooth muscle relax?

A

MLCP (myosin light chain phosphatase) dephosphorylates MLC

42
Q

Increased cAMP and increased cGMP both cause vasodilation. How do cAMP and cGMP cause vasodilation?

A

cAMP inhibits MLCK –> relaxation and vasodilation

cGMP activates MLCP –> relaxation and vasodilation

43
Q

What is PDE?

A

Enzyme in vascular smooth muscle that degrades intracellular cAMP

44
Q

What is PDE III?

A

Heart specific PDE

45
Q

What happens if PDE is inhibited?

A

cAMP increased and activated PKA phosphorylates Ca channels

Causes stronger contractions

Cardiovascular (13 decks)

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