Blood Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Made up of cellular elements and an extracellular matrix
A
blood
2
Q
Cellular elements
A
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
3
Q
Extracellular matrix
Mostly water, suspends the formed elements and enables them to circulate throughout the body within the cardiovascular system
A
Plasma
4
Q
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
A
Primary Function
Deliver O2 and Nutrients to, and remove waste from, the body cells
Other functions also include
Defense
WBC
Distribution of heat
Since blood is mainly made up of water
Maintenance of homeostasis
5
Q
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Normal hematocrit values (erythrocytes) in males and females
A
Females: 37-47%
Males: 42-52%
6
Q
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
RBCs usually
A
Hematocrit
7
Q
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Made mostly of water (90%) and other elements (proteins and nutrients)
Around 55% in the blood
A
Plasma
8
Q
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
White blood cells and platelets
A
Buffy coat
9
Q
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Not normally considered with the hematocrit
A
Percentage of other formed elements (WBCs and platelets) is extremely small
10
Q
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
plasma content percentage
A
The percent of blood that is not erythrocyte
92% water
7% plasma proteins
11
Q
is the most abundant of the plasma proteins
A
Albumin
12
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
in color
Oxygenated blood
A
bright red
13
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
in color
Deoxygenated blood
A
darker red
14
Q
Due to hemoglobin that changes color depending on ______________ of oxygen saturation
A
degree
15
Q
___________ are blood vessels lodged near the surface while __________ are lodged deeper
A
Veins, arteries
16
Q
blood vessels that withstand high pressure
A
Arteries:
17
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
Blood is approximately __________ more viscous than water
A
5x
18
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
viscosity is Influenced by ________ and formed with elements of blood
A
plasma proteins
19
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
pH of blood
A
pH 7.35 - 7.45 (ave: 7.4)
20
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
Blood contains numerous __________ that help regulate the pH
A
buffers
21
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
Volume in male and females
A
Male: 5-6 liters
Females: 4-5 liters
22
Q
term for the process on how blood is formed
A
HEMATOPOIESIS
23
Q
HEMATOPOIESIS Occurs in the _________ within the spaces of spongy (cancellous) bone tissue
A
red bone marrow
24
Q
In children, hematopoesis can occur in the ______
A
medullary cavity of the long bones
25
In adult, hematopoesis can occur in the ______
Largely restricted to the cranial and pelvic bones
the vertebrae
the sternum
the proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus
26
hematopoiesis outside the medullary cavity of the adult bones
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
27
organs that help maintain their ability to generate the formed elements throughout adulthood
liver and spleen
28
Formation of myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
Division of multipotent hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast) (some stay as stem cells after division)
Depending on chemical signals it forms the myeloid and lymphoid
29
HEMATOPOIESIS
All the formed elements of blood originate from this specific type of cell
Hemopoietic stem cell
30
HEMATOPOIESIS
Induce the hematopoietic stem cell to divide and replicate
Hemopoietic Growth factors
31
HEMATOPOIESIS
Give rise to lymphocytes, which function in immunity
Lymphoid stem cells
32
Lymphoid stem cells also form into
Include T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells
33
stem cells that quickly migrate from the bone marrow to lymphatic tissue, where their production and differentiation continues
Lymphoid stem cells
34
stem cells Give rise to all the other formed elements
Myeloid stem cells
35
stem cells Give rise to all the other formed elements
Myeloid stem cells
36
Myeloid stem cells gives rise to these formed elements
erythrocyte, megakaryocyte (platelets), monocytes, and granular leukocytes (neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil)
37
immature RBC; still with nucleus
Reticulocyte
38
A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells
Depends what part of organ
Macrophage
39
a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system. They are the largest white blood cell and are produced in the bone marrow.
In the blood
Monocytes
40
Megakaryoblast turns into
megakaryocyte to platelets
41
proerythroblast turns into
reticulocyte to erythrocyte
42
myeloblast turns into
either a neutophil, eusinophil, or a basophil
43
monoblast turns into
monocyte, then to a macrophage
44
lymphoid stem cell turns into
lymphoblast, then to either a natural killed cell or a small lymphocyte. The small lymphocyte develops into either a T or B lymphocyte, The B lymphocyte further develops as a plasma cell
45
Lymphoid stem cell develops into the following
Natural killer cells
Small
lymphocyte
B or T Lymphocyte
46
Plasma cell is different from platelets
true
47
The most common formed element
ERYTHROCYTE (RED BLOOD CELL)
48
ERYTHROCYTE (RED BLOOD CELL) count in males and females
Males: approx. 5.4 million erythrocytes per uL of blood
Females: approx. 4.8 million per uL of blood
49
ERYTHROCYTE (RED BLOOD CELL) size
approx. 7-8 micrometers (um)
50
structure of RBC due to lack of organelles
More space for the hemoglobin molecules
Provides a greater surface for gas exchange than a sphere of a similar diameter
elasticity to pass through capillaries
Biconcave disks
51
Capillaries can be so small that erythrocytes sometimes ________ in on themselves to pass through
fold
52
where the RBC are Sphere instead of biconcave disk
Leads to anemia because they could not pass through small spaces
Spherocytosis
53
RBCs are renewed every
120 days or 4 months
54
Commonly known as a white blood cell (WBC)
LEUKOCYTES
55
A major component of the body’s defenses against disease
Attacks foreign invaders then die
Routinely leave the bloodstream to perform their defensive functions in the body’s tissues
LEUKOCYTES
56
LEUKOCYTES count in the body
5000 to 10,000 per uL
57
LEUKOCYTES have __________ life spans than erythrocytes
Shorter
58
process of leukocytes Leaving the capillaries
Attacking foreign invaders
Emigration
59
process of leukocyte's Amoeba-like of walking
Squeezing through adjacent cells in a blood vessel
Diapedesis
60
CLASSIFICATION OF LEUKOCYTES
divided into two groups according to whether their cytoplasm contained highly visible granules
Granular leukocytes
Agranular leukocytes
61
CLASSIFICATION OF LEUKOCYTES
contain abundant granules within the cytoplasm
Granular leukocytes
62
Granular leukocytes arise from
myeloid stem cells
63
Granular leukocytes include
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
64
CLASSIFICATION OF LEUKOCYTES
- have far fewer and less obvious granules
Agranular leukocytes
65
Agranular leukocytes include
monocytes, which mature into macrophages that are phagocytic,
and lymphocytes
66
leukocytes arise from the
lymphoid stem cell line
67
GRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
Normally comprise 50-70% of total leukocyte count
10-12 um in diameter
Have numerous fine granules
The nucleus has a distinct lobed appearance (2 to 5 lobes)
Neutrophils
68
GRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
abundant, Rapid responders to the site of infection and are efficient with a preference bacteria
Neutrophils
69
If you count pure leukocyte, those are mostly
neutrophils
70
Immature neutrophil has how many lobes
no lobes (rare)
71
High neutrophil count inidicates
bacterial infection
72
The ____________ is a leukocyte whose Granules Release histamine and heparin
Basophils
72
GRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
allergy, toxins, parasitic worms
Typically 2-4 percent of total leukocyte count
10-12 um in diameter
The nucleus typically have two to three lobes
increases in certain cases with Presence of toxins and parasitic worms, allergies
Eosinophil
72
GRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
Granules inside them include antihistamine
Also capable of phagocytosis
Eosinophil
73
GRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
inflammation
Less than 1% of the total leukocyte count
8-10 um in diameter
Smaller than eosinophils and neutrophils
Stains with basic stain (blue)
2 lobed nucleus
Intensify with inflammatory response
The levels could also elevate due to parasitic worms
Basophils
73
Prothrombin activated form
thrombin
74
a soluble protein in the plasma that is broken down to fibrin by the enzyme thrombin to form clots.
loose fibrin
Fibrinogen
74
The ____________ is a leukocyte whose granules stain beautifully and avidly with the acidic red dye eosin
eosinophil
74
AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
The only formed element that arises from lymphoid stem cells
Essential for immune response
Lymphocytes
75
AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
Two classes of Lymphocytes
Large cells: 10-14 um and have a smaller nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and more granules
Smaller cells are typically 6-9 um with a larger volume of nucleus to cytoplasm
75
luekocyte whose function is not totally known
Basophils
75
Three major groups of AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
Natural Killer (NK) cells
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
76
AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
About 20-30% of all leukocytes
2nd most abundant, next to neutrophils
Lymphocytes
76
AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
Capable of recognizing cells that do not express “self” proteins on their plasma membrane
Nonself cells include cancer cells with atypical surface proteins
Larger lymphocytes
Innate response
Natural Killer (NK) cells
76
AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
Involved in specific immunity
produce antibodies or immunoglobulins
B lymphocytes or B cells
76
AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
Involved in specific immunity
provide cellular-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells
T lymphocytes or T cells
76
Relatively small
About 10 days lifespan, phagocytized by macrophages
For blood clotting
Platelet counts for dengue
Platelets
76
AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
Originates from myeloid stem cell
2-8% of the total leukocyte count
Large in size at 12-20 um
Indented or Horse-shoe shaped nuclei
Monocyte
77
Essential for the repair of blood vessels when damage has occurred
fragment of the cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte
THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS)
77
Descended from the myeloid stem cells
Large, typically 50-100 um in diameter
Contain an enlarged, lobed nucleus
Remain within bone marrow tissue
Form platelet-precursor extensions that release thousands of cytoplasmic fragments
Megakaryocyte
77
AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTE
Monocytes that have left the circulation
If they reside to a specific organs
Macrophage
77
the phyiological mechanisms that stop bleeding
HEMOSTASIS
77
Platelets per ul of blood
150,000 - 450, 000 per ul of blood
78
HEMOSTASIS 3-step process:
1. Vascular spasm
2. Formation of platelet plug
3. Blood coagulation
78
The most abundant white blood cells (WBCs) to the least abundant are:
Neutrophils: The most abundant WBCs, making up 40–80% of the total WBCs
Lymphocytes: The second most common WBCs, making up 20–50% of the total WBCs
Monocytes: The third most common WBCs, making up 2–10% of the total WBCs
Eosinophils: Making up 1–4% of the total WBCs
Basophils: The least abundant WBCs, making up 0.5–1% of the total WBCs
NLMEB
78
Occurs around platelet plug
Dominant hemostatic defense mechanism
FORMATION OF A BLOOD CLOT
78
HEMOSTASIS specific steps
Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug
Vessel damage = Altered endothelial surface (collagen exposed)
> Platelets Activation and aggregation
Platelet plug
Discharge of mediators
+ Chemical mediators (activates Platelets Activation and aggregation)
Synthesis of thromboxane A2
+Thromboxane A2 (activates Platelets Activation and aggregation for platelet plug)
=Blood vessels have Contraction of vascular smooth muscle
>Vasoconstriction
79
CLOTTING CASCADE
Intrinsic pathway
Within blood vessels
Factor 12 to 12A when activated
Factor 11 to 11A
Factor 9 to 9A, with the help of 8
Factor 9 activates 10,
Factor 10 activates the thrombin
Factor 10 is the common pathway
79
Clotting = coagulation
true
79
In order for collagen complex to heal, _____ should stop
bleeding
80
a protein that plays a central role in blood clotting and hemostasis
activates fibrinogen
Thrombin
81
Plasma without clotting factors is called
serum
81
factors Produced by the liver
Secreted into blood in inactive forms
Activated during the clotting cascade
Clotting factors
81
BLOOD TYPING (ABO)
proteins that help the body's immune system identify and neutralize harmful substances, called antigens
Essential in recognizing self vs nonself
Antibodies
82
CLOTTING CASCADE
Extrinsic pathway
Outside the blood vessel
Subendothelial cells are exposed to blood; when blood goes out, extrinsic pathway becomes activated
82
Thrombin also activates __________ where
Loose fibrin → stabilized fibrin
Activates 13A
83
Has A antigens (surface antigen) on the RBC
anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Blood group A
83
Has B antigens on the RBC
anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Blood group B
83
Has no antigens
Both anti-A and antiB antibodies in the plasma
Blood group O
84
Both A and B antigens on the RBC
No antibodies
Blood group AB
