Blood & Nutrition Flashcards
what are the symptoms of iron deficiency?
tiredness, pallor, SOB, palpitations
what is the patient counselling for taking iron preparations?
take with or after food
take with a glass of orange juice (Vit C aids absorption)
how long should you treat iron deficiency?
continue for 3 months after bloods in range
what is the MHRA alert for IV iron?
hypersensitivity
monitor for 30 mins every administration
what are the symptoms of megaloblastic anaemia?
high MCV
numbness, tingling hands/ feet, muscles weakness, depression
what are the causes of megaloblastic anaemia?
Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency or BOTH
- if both, important to treat B12 first as folic acid alone can mask symptoms and cause neuropathy
how can you treat megaloblastic anaemia?
B12:
hydroxocobalamin (IM injection 3 monthly)
cobalamin (oral OD)
Folate:
folic acid 5mg daily for four months
what is the treatment for iron overload?
desferrioxamine
what is the treatment for neutropenia?
filgrastim
which drugs should be avoided in people with G6PD deficiency?
quinolones, nitrofurantoin, aspirin, chloroquine, quinine, sullphonylureas
what is the normal range for potassium?
3.5-5.3
what are the symptoms of hypokalaemia?
muscle cramps, fatigue, palpitations, arrhythmias
what are the symptoms of hyperkalaemia?
fatigue, numbness, SOB, chest pain, palpitations
what drugs cause hypokalaemia?
Aminophylline/ theophylline
Beta agonists
Corticosteroids
Diuretics (loop/ thiazide)
Erythromycin/ clarithromycin
Insulin
ABCDEI
what is the treatment of hypokalaemia?
mild/ moderate:
oral sando-k
severe:
IV KCl
what drugs cause hyperkalaemia?
Trimethoprim
Heparins
ACE/ ARB
NSAIDs
K
Sparing diuretics
Beta blockers
THANKS B
what is the treatment for hyperkalaemia?
mild/moderate:
calcium resonium
severe (>6.5):
IV CaCl
soluble insulin
salbutamol
what is the normal range of sodium?
133-146
what are the symptoms of hyponatraemia?
nausea, headache, confusion, fatigue, irritability, seizures
what are the symptoms of hypernatraemia?
thirst, fatigue
what drugs cause hyponatraemia?
Carbamazepine
Diuretics
Desmopressin
SSRIs
Certain Drugs Ditch Salt
what is the treatment of hyponatraemia?
mild/ moderate:
oral sodium bicarbonate
severe:
IV NaCl
what drugs cause hypernatraemia?
Sodium bicarbonate
Corticosteroids
Effervescent forms
Oestrogens/ androgens
Salty CEO
what is the normal range of calcium?
2.2-2.6
what are the symptoms of hypocalcaemia?
muscle cramps, confusion, depression, forgetfulness
what are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia?
nausea, lethargy, confusion, muscle cramps, arrhythmias
how do you treat hypocalcaemia?
calcium supplements if dietary not adequate
oral supplements with vit D
severe acute/ hypocalcaemic tetany:
slow IV calcium gluconate 10%
how do you treat hypercalcaemia?
severe:
correct dehydration - IV NaCl
bisphosphonates + pamidronate
corticosteroids
calcitonin
how do you treat hypercalciuria?
increase fluid intake
bendroflumethiazide
what is the normal range for magnesium?
0.6-1
what are the symptoms of hypermagnesaemia?
muscle weakness, arrhythmia
how do you treat hypermagnesaemia?
calcium gluconate
how do you treat hypomagnesaemia?
symptomatic:
IV/ IM magnesium sulfate
mild:
oral magnesium
what is the normal range of phosphate?
0.87-1.45
how do you treat hypophosphotaemia?
oral phosphate supplements
how do you treat hyperphosphotaemia?
1st calcium acetate
2nd sevelamer
3rd CaCO3 OR sucroferric oxyhydroxide
what are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
thirst, polyuria, constipation, fatigue, memory impaired, CVD, kidney stones, osteoporosis
how do you treat hyperparathyroidism?
1st parathyroidectomy
drug treatment:
cinacalcet
supplement vit D if needed
bisphosphonate
how do you treat an acute crisis of acute porphyria?
IV haem arginate
what are the fat soluble vitamins?
A,D,E,K
what can a lack of vitamin D cause?
rickets (bow legged)
what can a lack of vitamin A cause?
occular defects
what can a lack of vitamin E cause?
neuromuscular abnormalaties
what are the water soluble vitamins?
B,C
what is vitamin B1 and what can a lack of it cause?
thiamine
causes Wernicke’s encephalopathy
what is vitamin B6 and what can a lack of it cause?
pyroxidine
causes peripheral neuropathy
what is vitamin B12 and what can a lack of it cause?
hydroxocobalamin/ cyanocobalamin
causes megaloblastic anaemia
what is vitamin B2 and what can a lack of it cause?
riboflavin
causes skin, eyes and nervous system problems
what can a lack of vitamin C cause?
scurvy (bleeding gums)
impaired wound healing
