Blood introduction

Question 1

6 Functions of Blood?

Answer 1

1) Carriage of physiologically acitve compounds
2) Clotting
3) defence
4) Carriage of Gas
5) Thermoregulation
6) Maintains ECF pH

Question 2

Albumin plasma protein

Answer 2

Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein
IT transports insoluble molecules
The dominant contributer to colloid oncotic pressure

Question 3

Globulin plasma protein

Answer 3

Alpha & beta are transport proteins

Gamma globulins are antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Question 4

Fibrinogen etc

Answer 4

One of many clotting factors

Question 5

Do plasma proteins cross the capillary wall?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

How do plasma proteins generate oncotic pressure?

Answer 6

They disperse water creating an osmotic gradient which pulls water from ISF into the blood.

Question 7

How does colloid oncotic pressure affect concentration and volume of fluid?

Answer 7

Concentration of fluids remain unchanged and the volumes of ISF & plasma alter to ensure this.

Question 8

What determines net fluid movement?

Answer 8

Capillary hydrostatic pressure, CHP (outward)

Colloid oncotic pressure

Question 9

Why isnt interstitial hydrostatic pressure involved in net fluid movement?

Answer 9

Its much smaller than the Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure so is negligible.

Question 10

What is hypoproteinaemia?

Answer 10

Abnormally low levels of circulating plasma protein

Question 11

What does hypoproteinaemia cause?

Answer 11

• Prolonged starvation
• liver disease
• intestinal diseases
• nephrosis (kidney disease)

Question 12

What is the main common characteristic of hyoproteinaemia?

Answer 12

Oedema due to loss of oncotic pressure

Question 13

What are myeloid cells?

Answer 13

Any blood cell that isnt a lymphocyte

Question 14

How are lymphocytes formed?

Answer 14

• > pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
• > Lymphocyte stem cells
• > lymphocytes

Question 15

How are other blood cells formed?

Answer 15

• > Pluripotent hematopoeietic stem cells
• > uncommited stem cells
• > committed progenitor cells

Question 16

How are mature RBC specifically formed?

Answer 16

commited progenitor cells

• > erythroblast (bone marrow)
• > reticulocyte (circulation)
• > Erythrocyte (circulation)

Question 17

How are platelets specifically formed?

Answer 17

Commited progenitor cells

• > megakaryocyte (bone marrow)
• > Platelets (circulation)

Question 18

What are lymphoid cells?

Answer 18

White blood cells

Question 19

What type(s) of cell is a neutrophil?

Answer 19

Lymphoid cell & Myeloid cell

Question 20

What types of cell is an erythrocyte?

Answer 20

RBC & Myeloid cell

Question 21

What types of cell are platelets?

Answer 21

Myeloid cells

Question 22

What types of cell are basophil cells?

Answer 22

Myeloid

Lymphoid

Question 23

What types of cell are lymphocytes?

Answer 23

Lymphoid

Question 24

What types of cell are basophils?

Answer 24

Lymphoid

Myeloid

Question 25

What types of cell are eosinophils?

Answer 25

Myeloid | Lymphoid

Question 26

What is the colour change of erythrocytes?

Answer 26

Arterial ones contain oxyhaemoglobin bright red | Venous ones contain deoxyhaemoglobin so are blue-purple

Question 27

What is the lifespan of an Erythrocyte?

Answer 27

120 days

Question 28

What is the shape of erythrocytes?

Answer 28

Bi-concave

Question 29

What is the haemotocrit?

Answer 29

The percentage of the blood that is RBCs

Question 30

Why is plasma yellow?

Answer 30

From the prescence of bilirubin, a breakdown product of RBCs

Question 31

What is blood viscosity?

Answer 31

How thick/sticky it is compared to water. E.g. blood is 3-4x thicker than water and plasma is 1.8x thicker than water.

Question 32

What does viscosity depedn on?

Answer 32

``` Haematocit (50% increase in haemotocrit doubles blood viscosity) Temperature (1C change alters viscosity by 2%) Flow rate (decrease causees increased viscosity and vice versa) ```

Question 33

How does the haematocit affect Viscosity?

Answer 33

A 50% increase in haematocrit doubles the viscosity of blood

Question 34

How does flow rate alter viscosity?

Answer 34

The lower the flow rate the higher the viscosity

Question 35

How is viscosity affected by temperature?

Answer 35

A 1C change in temperatue changes viscosity by 2%. (Increasing temp decreases viscosity and vice versa)

Question 36

What controls LEukopoiesis?

Answer 36

A cocktail of different cytokines

Question 37

What are cytokines?

Answer 37

Peptides/proteins released form one cell type and acting on another

Question 38

What releases cytokines?

Answer 38

Fibroblasts Mature white blood cells Endothelial cells

Question 39

How does leukopoiesis vary?

Answer 39

The stimulation (i.e. cytokines used) is different depending on the infection. I.e. during bacterial infection the stiumlation of neutrophil production increases (same with lymphoscytes for viral)

Question 40

What does it mean if teh cytokine cocktail is dynamic?

Answer 40

IT means its changin its composition in repsonse to infection to infulencewhich white blood cells are formed.

Question 41

What factor binds platelets to damaged vessel walls?

Answer 41

The von Willibrand Factor

Question 42

What controls/stimulates erythropioesis?

Answer 42

Eryhtropoietin

Question 43

What stimulates secretion of erythropoietin?

Answer 43

When oxygen levels in kidney are hypoxic. (low oxygen delivery to kidneys)