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BIOSCI 107 Part Two > Blood Immunity and innate immunity > Flashcards

Blood Immunity and innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

How do staph infections occur?

A

caused by staforius/staphylococcus bacteria, types of germs commonly found on the skin or in the nose of even healthy individuals. They get in the body through skin breaks.

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2
Q

How do lysozyme in tears and saliva protect the body

A

the enzyme disrupts the surface of bacteria - physiological barrier

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3
Q

What is innate immunity

A

Is the bodies response that is not learnt or adapt (is fixed) and relies on distinction between self and non-self (first line response)

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4
Q

What type of cells provide your cellular innate immune defence

A

myeloid cells

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5
Q

Two components of immunity

A

Cellular and humoral

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6
Q

What does your myeloid lineage give rise to

A

all the white blood cells in innate immunity

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7
Q

Most abundant white blood cell in immunity

A

neutrophils

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8
Q

What are macrophages

A

activated form on monocytes

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9
Q

What do myeloid cells do?

A

detect microorganisms while in capillaries and migrate to find infection

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10
Q

What is the humoral component of immunity?

A

are the soluble proteins in blood that opsise microorganisms

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11
Q

What is the cellular component of immunity?

A 
Cellular immunity consists of either
myeloid cells (innate) or lymphoid cells (adaptive)
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12
Q

Why is complement in the humoral component of immunity?

A

because complement is soluble

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13
Q

What do lectin binding proteins do

A

they activate complement and recognize unique carbohydrates on the surface of bacteria

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14
Q

What is the purpose of terminal Sialic acid

A

We have terminal sialic acid to distinguish our self cells from other cells

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15
Q

What do Antimicrobial peptides do

A

produce peptides that attach to the surface of bacteria that cause they to lyse

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16
Q

Where are Antimicrobial peptides found

A

found in places like saliva

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17
Q

What is an auto-immune response?

A

is when immune system destroys own cells (e.g. type 1 diabetes)

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18
Q

What is the first line response to pathogen invasion?

A

Innate immunity

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19
Q

What cell arrives first when you injure yourself

A

neutrophils will arrive to engulf infection

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20
Q

Did innate immunity occur before or after adaptive immunity

A

before

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21
Q

Is innate immunity present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

yes

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22
Q

3 stages of innate immunity in mammals

A

Complement (C’)
Myeloid cells and phagocytosis (neutrophils and macrophages)
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)

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23
Q

Does innate immunity have memory

A

no

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24
Q

3 main types of pathogens

A

viruses
Bacteria, yeast and fungi
Protozoa and parasite

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25
Q

What are viruses

A

are intracellular pathogens that use host cell machinery for replication. Need a means of detecting infected cells and destroying them while leaving normal host cells alone

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26
Q

What type of defence against viruses does the body rely on

A

cellular immunity - need to be able to distinguish infected from normal cells.

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27
Q

How long does viral illness take before being cured (generally)

A

24-48 hours

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28
Q

What occurs to immune system in HIV

A

it is destroyed so people die from opportunistic infections

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29
Q

What are Bacteria, yeast and fungi

A

Are (mostly) extracellular pathogens that are engulfed and destruction by phagocytic cells

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30
Q

What type defence of defence against Bacteria, yeast and fungi does the body rely on

A

Defence is primarily mediated by innate mechanisms and phagocytosis

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31
Q

What can distinguish between the different types of bacteria?

A

a gram stain

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32
Q

What are gram positive bacteria

A

bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall as a defence and are resistant to direct complement MAC lysis

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33
Q

Does gram positive bacteria light up on a gram stain

A

yes

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34
Q

What can destroy gram positive bacteria

A

phagocytosis (not killed directly by complement)

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35
Q

Examples of gram positive bacteria

A

S. aureus, S. pyogenes

36
Q

What are gram negative bacteria

A

bacteria with thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane and are often more sensitive to complement MAC lysis

37
Q

Does gram negative bacteria light up on a gram stain

A

no

38
Q

What can destroy gram negative bacteria

A

These bacteria can often be lysed directly by complement. (Membrane Attack Complex)

39
Q

Examples of gram negative bacteria

A

E. coli, H. influenza

40
Q

What do β-lactam antibiotics do

A

block peptidoglycan/cell wall synthesis (cell cannot divide effectively)

41
Q

Example of β-lactam antibiotics

A

penicillin

42
Q

What are Protozoa and parasite

A

Complex organisms are often multicellular and highly developed (helminths - worms)

43
Q

Where are Protozoa and parasite found

A

Can live inside (malaria – plasmodium falciparum lives inside the red blood cell) or outside cells.

44
Q

How are Protozoa and parasite killed

A

Require direct killing by chemical mediators released by specialist myeloid cells (Basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils) because they are too big to be killed by phagocytic cells

45
Q

What are the granules in specialist myeloid cells that kill Protozoa and parasites

A

granules are filled with cytotoxic chemicals. Degranulation releases these toxic inflammatory chemicals such as histamine

46
Q

5 steps of recruiting a neutrophil

A

Activation, tethering, adhesion, diapedesis, chemotaxis

47
Q

What is activation in recruiting a neutrophil

A

Chemokines from tissue injury or inflammation activate the local endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary wall.

48
Q

What is tethering in recruiting a neutrophil

A

Neutrophil tethers to the inside capillary wall. Mediated by selectins on endothelial cells and sialyl Lewis X (sLex), a carbohydrate antigen, on neutrophils. This causes weak binding and the neutrophil to roll

49
Q

What is adhesion in recruiting a neutrophil

A

strong binding between neutrophil integrins and ICAM-1 on the endothelium. Neutrophil immobilises and flattens

50
Q

What is diapedesis in recruiting a neutrophil

A

neutrophil finds junction and squeezes between endothelial cells and out of the capillary into the tissue (interstitial space)

51
Q

What is chemotaxis in recruiting a neutrophil

A

Neutrophil migrates along a chemokine gradient to the site of infection

52
Q

What makes neutrophils find bacteria

A

serum

53
Q

How do neutrophils migrate up the chemoattractant gradient

A

they polymerize actin filaments at their leading edge and depolymerize those filaments at their trailing edge.

54
Q

What are the complement receptors

A

CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4 (Complement receptor 1-4)

55
Q

What is opsonisation

A

This is the process of coating microbes with complement proteins to form complex complement convertases ready for phagocytosis

56
Q

What do myeloid cell receptors bind to on bacteria

A

activated complement components deposited on bacteria

57
Q

What is the main neutrophil receptor

A

CR1

58
Q

What does CR1 bind to

A

C3b on bacteria (Complement convertase covering bacteria)

59
Q

What initiates phagocytosis

A

Cross-linking of the surface CRs and complex on bacteria

60
Q

What is FcR

A

the Fc receptor (FCR) is a group of surface membrane molecules that specifically recognize and bind immunoglobulin

61
Q

What binds to bacterial antigens in FcR (antibody) mediated phagocytosis

A

Antibody (IgM and IgG) and C1

62
Q

What does neutrophil FcR bind to

A

the antibody Fc region

63
Q

What does the binding of the FcR and Fc region do

A

Activates phagocytosis (cell captures and engulfs bacteria)

64
Q

What is a phagosome

A

phagosome is a vesicle formed around a particle engulfed by a phagocyte via phagocytosis

65
Q

What is a phagolysosome

A

is a cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome in a process that occurs during phagocytosis

66
Q

What happens inside a phagolysosome

A

it acidifies and superoxides kill bacteria

67
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

engulfment of the microbe by phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) that destroys the organism

68
Q

5 steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Fusion
  3. Acidification
  4. Digestion
  5. Exocytosis
69
Q

What is ingestion in phagocytosis

A

The bacterium is captured by receptors, membrane invaginates into a phagosome

70
Q

What is fusion in phagocytosis

A

The phagosome and lysosome fuse to form a phagolysosome.

71
Q

What is acidification in phagocytosis

A

the phagolysosome acidified with H+ pumped in

72
Q

What is digestion in phagocytosis

A

Acidification activates protease and stimulates the production of superoxides such as H2O2 (peroxide) and HOCl (hypochlorous acid) which kill bacteria.

73
Q

What is exocytosis in phagocytosis

A

expulsion of the digested microbe

74
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

A

Are receptors found on many myeloid cells that recognise complex microbial molecular patterns

75
Q

What are PRR’s essential for

A

recognising the unique pathogen patterns on the surface of microbacteria (tells adaptive immune response to make antibodies)

76
Q

What are Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)

A

TLR are Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) receptors that look like a “slinky”. There are 9 TLR molecules

77
Q

How many TLR receptors are there

A

9

78
Q

What does activation through TLR do?

A

stimulates a strong innate response through an important inflammation pathway

79
Q

What are Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

unique molecules that are

produced by microbes. Structurally complex & evolutionarily stable which are recognised by PRR

80
Q

What is LPS

A

(lipopolysaccharide), a type of PAMP

81
Q

Are PAMPS evolutionarily stable?

A

yes - don’t change too much with time

82
Q

What do PAMPS stimulate

A

They stimulate the ‘power’ switch for the adaptive response

83
Q

What is the TLR receptor for LPS

A

TLR4

84
Q

What type of bacteria is LPS from

A

Gram negative bacteria

85
Q

What does LPS cause in the body

A

a fever

86
Q

What is septic shock

A

Release of LPS by Gram negative bacterial infections, an uncontrolled Gram negative infection in the blood

BIOSCI 107 Part Two (17 decks)

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