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BIOSCI 107 Part Two > Blood and Immune: Allergy, Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Blood and Immune: Allergy, Hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common form of immune disorder

A

an allergic reaction

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2
Q

How many people have some form of allergy

A

30%

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3
Q

Which group people has Seasonal rhinitis (hay fever) the most

A

Caucasians

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4
Q

How many New Zealanders have asthma

A

1 in 6

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5
Q

What is asthma

A

Immediate type allergic response where the bronchial tubes in lung narrow and thicken and inflame in response to a range of allergens or other triggers such as cold air

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6
Q

What is Allergic rhinitis

A

seasonal hay fever

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7
Q

When does Allergic rhinitis occur

A

Occurs in spring/summer due to pollen from certain flowers

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8
Q

What is dermatitis

A

Skin inflammation

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9
Q

what is urticaria

A

hives

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10
Q

What is the second most common site for allergic reactions

A

the skin

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11
Q

how do skin allergies occur

A

caused by the release of histamine into the tissue from mast cells in the skin

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12
Q

What is oedema

A

swelling

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13
Q

how does oedema occur

A

caused by leakage of fluid into the spaces between cells

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14
Q

main two locations of allergic reactions

A

mucosal regions of upper respiratory tract (nose and throat), and skin

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15
Q

examples of insect allergies

A

House dust mite, bee stings

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16
Q

How does penicillin cause an allergic reaction

A

Penicillin can interact with proteins to produce something that looks new to generate IgE response

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17
Q

How does jewellery cause allergic reaction

A

Nickel leeches out of jewellery into skin and modifies proteins in skin so that they seen new

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18
Q

Nickel allergies are an example of

A

Metal induced contact dermatitis

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19
Q

What is anaphylaxis

A

A serious complication in an allergic reaction when the mast cell activation occurs throughout the body.

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20
Q

what does atopic mean

A

at a single sight

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21
Q

what does systemic mean

A

at multiple sites

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22
Q

where does oedema occur in anaphylaxis

A

Oedema and swelling occurs at multiple anatomical sites that are distant from the original site of allergen challenge

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23
Q

treatment of anaphylaxis

A

immediate injection of epinephrine (adrenalin)

24
Q

What is a type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Atopic allergy (IgE mediated) - Immediate

25
Q

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Complement mediated - Medium

26
Q

What is a type 3 hypersensitivity

A

Serum sickness (Immune complexes) Medium
Less common
Recognition of abnormal immune complexes

27
Q

What is a type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Delayed Type (DTH) Slow response

28
Q

Mediates Type I reactions

A

IgE and mast cells with a high affinity Fc receptor

29
Q

Mediates Type II reactions

A

Complement

30
Q

Mediates Type III reactions

A

Immune complexes

31
Q

Mediates Type IV reactions

A

Adaptive immune system

32
Q

What are mast cells

A

innate cells from myeloid lineage that reside in the skin (provide protection against complex organisms that cannot be engulfed by phagocytosis)

33
Q

What does the FcεR receptor on mast cells have a high affinity too

A

IgE:antigen complexes

34
Q

What happens when IgE antibody binds to large antigen complexes (like pollen)

A

it triggers local mast cells to rupture and empty their granules

35
Q

What does a mast cell precoated with IgE mean

A

it has been primed against a particular allergen (from birth or mothers genes)

36
Q

An activated mast cell produces: (5)

A

Histamines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, free radicals, substance P

37
Q

What does a Type I hypersensitivity

do to smooth muscles and blood vessels

A

causes them to constrict

38
Q

What does a Type I hypersensitivity

do to mucous glands

A

Mucous glands produce mucus, releasing fluid causing swelling/Oedema

39
Q

What does a Type I hypersensitivity

do to platelets

A

clotting

40
Q

What does a Type I hypersensitivity

do to sensory nerves

A

causes nerve ending stimulation = pain

41
Q

What does a Type I hypersensitivity

do to other immune cells

A

Recruitment of other immune cells like eosinophils

42
Q

What causes body response in a type 1 hypersensitivity

A

vasoactive amines (histamines)

43
Q

Types of Helper T cells that are involved in Type I hypersensitivity

A

Th1, Th2

44
Q

Cytokine that causes an immature IgM-producing B cell to mature to produce IgE

A

IL-4

45
Q

Histamines are a kind of:

A

vasoactive amines

46
Q

What is involved in a type 2 hypersensitivity

A

FcR, complement and neutrophils (phagocytes)

47
Q

What is in normal phagocytosis

A

Fc receptor for IgG or IgM

Complement receptor for complement

48
Q

Process of Rhesus baby in newborns

A

when a pregnant woman is RhD-, but her baby is RhD+, maternal anti-RhD IgG may be produced which can cause acute haemolytic anemia in the child soon after they are born

49
Q

What is Rhesus baby

A

This condition is caused by a blood group antigen RhD on the surface of red blood cells

50
Q

Rhd genes of parents to produce Rhesus

A

Mother needs to be RhD - and the father must be Rhd+

51
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is involved in Rhesus baby

A

type 2

52
Q

What is Desensitisation

A

When an increasing dose of allergen is injected into the patient over a period of time, so that they manufacture high affinity IgG that competes with IgE.

53
Q

How many patients does Desensitisation work in

A

about 50%

54
Q

Process by which monoclonal antibodies are/were made

A

Mouse immunised -> mouse boosted -> spleen removed -> splenocytes fused with mouse myeloma cells -> hybridoma screened

55
Q

Pros of using Mabs as therapeutic agents (4)

A

Highly specific, humanised, no adverse reactions, can be modified for greater potency

56
Q

Cons of using Mabs as therapeutic agents (2)

A

Expensive, possibly serious side effects

57
Q

What type of immunoglobulin is developed in response to allergens early in life that sensitises mast cells in the skin

A

IgE

BIOSCI 107 Part Two (17 decks)

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