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BIOSCI 107 Part Two > Blood Composition and Function > Flashcards

Blood Composition and Function Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood is in the average person?

A

5L

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2
Q

What is the volume of blood that circulates through the heart every 24 hours

A

14,000L

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3
Q

How many chambers are in the heart and what are they called?

A

4 (left + right ventricle, left + right atrium)

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4
Q

What part of the heart brings blood to the lungs?

A

The Pulmonary artery

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5
Q

What brings blood from the lung to the heart?

A

The Pulmonary vein

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6
Q

What are arteries made of?

A

Muscular capillaries with elastic vessel walls that contain an abundance of smooth muscle

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7
Q

Is blood pressure higher in veins or arteries?

A

Arteries

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8
Q

Why is venous blood pressure lower than arterial?

A

because veins are not elastic

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9
Q

What is the function of valves in veins?

A

to prevent back flow

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10
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

is the highest pressure attained in arteries. Blood is at full compression, the left ventricle is squeezed at its tightest and the arteries walls are expanded at their greatest

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11
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120/80

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12
Q

What does the 120 in blood pressure mean?

A

Your systolic blood pressure in millimetres of mercury (120mm up the tube measuring blood pressure)

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13
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

When blood pressure is at its lowest

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14
Q

What does the 80 in blood pressure mean?

A

Diastolic blood pressure

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15
Q

What is hypertension?

A

A high blood pressure

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16
Q

What causes hypertension?

A

Arteries are not expanding and contracting effectively (hardened, blocked or disease) which reduces flow and resulting in unwanted coagulation

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17
Q

What is a high blood pressure

A

above 140-150

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18
Q

What is the result of low blood pressure?

A

not enough blood going through arteries to supply tissues with blood

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19
Q

Common symptom of low blood pressure

A

fainting

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20
Q

What is needed to retain blood pressure?

A

blood volume

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21
Q

What loss of blood is fatal?

A

over 20% because pressure and flow is impaired and the result is tissue starved of O2

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22
Q

Why do we need blood pressure?

A

to ensure even and efficient blood flow through small capillaries, low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation.

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23
Q

Main components of blood

A

Cells, proteins, lipids, electrolytes, vitamins and hormones, glucose

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24
Q

Where do myeloid and lymphoid cells come from?

A

multipotential stem cells

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25
Q

What are the two types of lymphoid cells?

A

B and T cells

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26
Q

Where do B lymphocytes come from?

A

Bone marrow

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27
Q

What is the function of B lymphocytes?

A

They have antibodies/immunoglobulins that give adaptive immunity

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28
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

In the thymus

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29
Q

What are the 3 main cells in blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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30
Q

What is the function of Erythrocytes

A

to transport oxygen to tissue

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31
Q

How many Erythrocytes in the body

A

5-6 million/ml

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32
Q

What is the shape of a Erythrocyte

A

It is a flat disc that has no nucleus

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33
Q

What is the main protein in Erythrocytes

A

Haemoglobin

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34
Q

What is the main function of leukocytes

A

immune defence

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35
Q

What is the most common leukocyte

A

Neutrophil

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36
Q

How many leukocytes are in the body

A

10,000/ml

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37
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

respond immediately to microbial challenge like an infection, migrate quickly from capillary tissue to the site of infection, engulf the organism

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38
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes?

A

Coagulation and tissue repair

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39
Q

How many thrombocytes are in the blood

A

400,000/ml

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40
Q

What is the size of thrombocytes

A

1/20th of a leukocyte

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41
Q

what do thrombocytes do when an injury occurs?

A

platelets link together as a part of the blood clot to block off wound to prevent leakage of blood or fluid from damaged tissue

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42
Q

What are the major proteins in blood?

A

Albumin, haemoglobin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins

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43
Q

How much of blood protein is albumin?

A

50% of total blood protein

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44
Q

What is the function of Albumin

A

Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure and hyponeiticity, Binds and transports many small molecules, hormones.

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45
Q

How does Albumin maintain osmotic pressure?

A

It acts as a “Protein sponge” that absorbs fluid in blood and allows fluid to be balanced -

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46
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin

A

to carry oxygen from heart to other tissues in red blood cells

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47
Q

How much of blood is fibrinogen?

A

7% of total blood protein

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48
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

its cleaved in coagulation cascade to form fibrin molecules which link to form a clot (prevent tissue leakage)

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49
Q

What are lipids bound in?

A

Lipoproteins

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50
Q

What are the main types of lipids?

A

LDL, HDL, VLDL

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51
Q

Which lipid is bad for you?

A

LDL

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52
Q

What are the major electrolytes in the blood?

A

HCO3 -, Na+, Cl-, Ca++, Mg++, K+, creatine, creatinine

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53
Q

What electrolyte is the most tightly regulated and why?

A

Potassium (K) because it regulates a lot of cellular functions like nerve potential and heart muscle activity

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54
Q

What is the normal blood ph

A

7.4

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55
Q

How much variance can occur above/below blood pH before severe stress can occur?

A

0.2

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56
Q

What is acidosis

A

blood is more acidic (pH decreases)

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57
Q

What is alkalosis

A

blood is more basic (pH increases)

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58
Q

What are Immunoglobulins ?

A

antibodies

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59
Q

What do Immunoglobulins do

A

Provide a diverse repertoire of antigen binding proteins

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60
Q

What is complement?

A

proteins that “coat” bacteria targeting them for phagocytosis

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61
Q

What is the major complement component?

A

C3

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62
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Irreversible coating of bacteria with complement so that phagocytes are attracted and can bind them.

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63
Q

What are first cells that go to site of infection due to complement?

A

Neutrophils

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64
Q

How many complement proteins are there?

A

9

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65
Q

Number of coagulation factors

A

13

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66
Q

What happens in a coagulation cascade?

A

13 proteins cleaved in an ordered cascade resulting in cleavage of fibrinogen -> fibrin (forms clot)

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67
Q

What electrolyte is essential to coagulation?

A

Ca+

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68
Q

What is the most common form of haemophilia?

A

Factor VIII (8) deficiency

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69
Q

What is haemophilia

A

Haemophiliacs blot does not clot (they can bleed to death from vascular leakage)

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70
Q

What is the function of electrolytes?

A

Isotonicity and buffering

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71
Q

What is centrifugation?

A

technique used to separate blood into its different components

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72
Q

What is added to blood before centrifugation what is its purpose?

A

An anticoagulant to stop blood clotting

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73
Q

Example of a anticoagulant

A

Heparin

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74
Q

How many layers result from centrifugation

A

3

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75
Q

What is the top layer of a centrifuge

A

The plasma layer

76
Q

What % is the plasma layer in a centrifuge

A

55%

77
Q

What is the plasma layer?

A

blood with fibrinogen (hasn’t been clotted)

78
Q

What is contained in the plasma layer?

A

soluble proteins, lipids and platelets

79
Q

What is the middle layer of a centrifuge?

A

The buffy coat

80
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

Layer of white cells

81
Q

What is in the buffy coat

A

lymphocytes, myeloid cells, leukocytes

82
Q

What is the bottom layer of the centrifuge?

A

Packed Red Cells

83
Q

What % is the packed red cells

A

45%

84
Q

What is anemia

A

you don’t make enough red blood cells

85
Q

Symptoms of anemia

A

difficulty breathing and become tired

86
Q

What causes Cerebral Edema

A

making too many red blood cells (happens normally by being at high altitudes, blood becomes viscous lead)

87
Q

What is plasma

A

The viscous liquid fraction of uncoagulated blood without cells.

88
Q

What is contained in plasma

A

fibrinogen (this is removed with coagulation)

89
Q

Why can’t plasma be electorpheresed?

A

fibrinogen causes problems

90
Q

What is serum?

A

Less viscous yellow liquid remaining after removal of the clot

91
Q

What is serum electrophoresis

A

separating blood proteins using an electric field

92
Q

What are the five major protein fractions of serum electrophoresis

A

albumin, α1, α2, β and γ fractions

93
Q

What % of serum electrophoresis is albumin

A

50%

94
Q

What % of serum electrophoresis is globulin? (albumin, α1, α2, β and γ)

A

40%

95
Q

What is the γ fraction

A

where antibodies/immunoglobulins reside

96
Q

is γ fraction + or -

A

positively charged so migrate furthest to the negative electrode (the right) on serum electrophoresis

97
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

A type of leukaemia where a aberrant B cell is present and is producing antibodies in high amounts

98
Q

Where do myeloma cells reside?

A

in bone marrow

99
Q

Where do blood cells come from?

A

a single multipotent stem cell in bone marrow

100
Q

Are multipotent stem cells rare?

A

yes

101
Q

What do multipotent stem cells do?

A

differentiate into any other mature hematopoietic cells in the body

102
Q

What surface antigen is on multipotential Hematopoietic stem cells

A

CD34

103
Q

What do CD34 HSC divide into?

A

Myeloid and lymphoid progenitors

104
Q

What does the myeloid progenitor divide into?

A

other types of myeloid cells. Consist of the erythrocytes, thrombocytes, mast cells, myeloblasts > leukocytes

105
Q

What does the lymphoid progenitor divide into?

A

Natural killer cells (large lymphocytes) , small lymphocytes which makes T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes (forms plasma cells)

106
Q

What factors drive haematopoiesis?

A

GM-CSF, EPO, G-CSF

107
Q

What produces GM-CSF

A

macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts

108
Q

What does GM-CSF stimulate?

A

production of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes

109
Q

What is the function of the GM-CSF factor?

A

stimulate the myeloid lineage

110
Q

How does GM-CSF factor work?

A

receptors on the myeloid progenitor cells binds to GM-CSF which stimulates cells to differentiate further into other myeloid cells

111
Q

What produces EPO

A

kidney during adulthood and liver in perinatal

112
Q

What is the function of EPO

A

to signal the production of red blood cells

113
Q

What type of factor is used in blood transplants?

A

EPO

114
Q

What type of factor is the target of drug testing?

A

EPO

115
Q

What does GM-CSF stand for

A

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

116
Q

What does G-CSF stand for

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

117
Q

What is the function of G-CSF

A

to stimulate the production of granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils

118
Q

What is the function of the lung in oxygen and transport exchange?

A

Provides a vast surface area for blood (alveoli) for efficient exchange of O2 and CO2

119
Q

Colour of blood in venous system

A

dark red (lack of oxygen)

120
Q

Colour of pulmonary blood

A

bright red and frothy (spurts out due to pressure)

121
Q

How much of your total blood volume is red blood cells?

A

45%

122
Q

How much of your red blood cells dry weight is haemoglobin?

A

96%

123
Q

What carries oxygen in red blood cells?

A

protein haemoglobin

124
Q

How many lobes are in a haemoglobin

A

4

125
Q

What is contained in each lobe of a haemoglobin protein

A

a heme molecule

126
Q

What is contained in each heme in a haemoglobin protein

A

an iron atom, ferrous form (Fe2+)

127
Q

What regulates the association and dissociation of O2 from heme

A

partial pressure of O2 (O2 readily associates in the lungs, dissociates in the tissue)

128
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs

A

100mm Hg

129
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli of the lungs

A

35 mm Hg

130
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

A

80-100 mm Hg

131
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood

A

40 mm Hg

132
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood

A

20-40 mm Hg

133
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in venous blood

A

50 mm Hg

134
Q

Can oxygen freely bind to iron in heme in the lung under normal conditions?

A

Yes (pO2 it is at ~ 100mm Hg so oxygen freely binds to Fe2+ in heme)

135
Q

Does oxygen bind faster due to partial pressure?

A

Yes

136
Q

What happens when pO2 drops in the tissue

A

O2 dissociates from iron in heme and is replaced by CO2 – the by-product of respiration

137
Q

What can displace O2 from Fe2+ directly

A

CO

138
Q

How does cyanide affect oxygen intake?

A

it targets Fe2+ containing cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondria that is essential for respiration. Cyanide binds tightly to iron displaying the oxygen. Inhaled cyanide stops heart muscle activity within seconds

139
Q

3 pathways of the complement system

A

Classical, lectin, alternative

140
Q

What is the key purpose of the complement system?

A

is to opsonise and

kill foreign organisms

141
Q

How does the complement system work?

A

Cascade of protein binding to form convertases (each one

cleaves the next)

142
Q

What pathways are activated directly by pathogens

A

alternative pathway,

lectin pathway

143
Q

What pathways are activated by pathogen-bound antibody

A

Classical pathway

144
Q

What is the classical activation pathway

A

Pathway activated by antibody-antigen complex (IgM/IgG binds to the surface of the microbe)

145
Q

How does the classical pathway work?

A

C1 (recognises antibodies on the surface of the bacteria) > creates enzyme which cleaves C4 and C2 into C2a and C4b, which make up the C3 convertase (i.e. C3 activating enzyme) > cleave C3 (major component) into C3b > cleaves C5 into C5b

146
Q

Antibodies that bind to a microbe surface which is then bound by C1

A

IgM, IgG

147
Q

complexes of proteolytic proteins

A

convertases

148
Q

What do convertases do?

A

they irreversibly bind through a covalent bond to bacteria (convertase complex)

149
Q

anaphylotoxins

A

C5a, C4a, C3a

150
Q

What do anaphylotoxins do?

A

they cause macrophages to move in the direction of bacteria

151
Q

What is opsonization?

A

is the coating of a particle with proteins (C3b) that facilitate phagocytosis of the particle by tissue macrophages

152
Q

colour of blood with carbon monoxide poisoning

A

cherry red

153
Q

colour of blood with cyanide poisoning

A

pink

154
Q

When is bacteria recognised by cells

A

when it has been fully coated by convertases

155
Q

What is the function of C5b and complements going up to 9

A

to form a lytic pore (inserts in some types of bacteria which will lye/kill the bacteria)

156
Q

What is the membrane attack complex

A

Lytic pore formed by the end stage of complement

157
Q

Function of C3b

A

Opsonisation and cleaving C5

158
Q

Molecules that inhibit the complement cascade

A

virulence factors

159
Q

Classical activation sequence

A

C1, C4, C2, C3, C5

160
Q

Where is C1 bound to?

A

C1 is bound to 2 antibodies on surface of bacteria

161
Q

What is the most abundant complement component in serum?

A

C3

162
Q

What are people with deficiencies in a complement component are susceptible to

A

Chronic infections

163
Q

What are the 2coagulation pathways

A

Intrinsic, extrinsic

164
Q

What is coagulation

A

system that operates in haemostasis to prevent blood loss from damaged
vessel (also known as clotting)

165
Q

What does the intrinsic pathway result from

A

Contact with surfaces

166
Q

What does the extrinsic pathway result from

A

tissue damage

167
Q

What is the key element of coagulation

A

Thrombin

168
Q

What is thrombin and what does it do?

A

(it is an inactive enzyme until factor Xa activates it) which cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin

169
Q

What is essential for coagulation

A

Ca

170
Q

What happens if Ca is not present in coagulation

A

blood will not clot

171
Q

Intrinsic (Contact) pathway factors

A

XII, XI, IX, VIII

172
Q

Common factor for coagulation pathway

A

X (Factor X (10) is the key enzyme common to both pathways)

173
Q

Extrinsic (tissue damage) pathway factors

A

V, VII and tissue factor

174
Q

How does coagulation work?

A

Coagulation is initiated by the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin. The clot is dissolved by the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin

175
Q

How does fibrin build a clot

A

it cross links with other fibrin molecules to form a clot

176
Q

Which coagulation pathway is faster

A

Fewer steps than intrinsic pathway, so acts faster (can be within seconds)

177
Q

Where does the tissue factor in the extrinsic pathway come from

A

TF is released from cells outside the blood vessels

178
Q

What is thrombolysis

A

the dissolving of a clot by plasmin

179
Q

examples of Plasminogen activators

A

TPA (Tissue Plasminogen Activator) or Streptokinase

180
Q

What do parasite and microbes that reply on blood flow do?

A

produce powerful anticoagulants that typically target the thrombin step.

181
Q

What are zymogens

A

Proteins secreted in an inactive form and activated by cleavage - Complement (C’) proteins are a group of zymogens (inactive until cleaved) essential for phagocytosis

182
Q

Highly concentrated source of HSC’s

A

Umbilical cord blood

183
Q

What is the alternative activation pathway for complement

A

C3 is activated just by being close to the surface of the microbe

184
Q

What is the lectin activation pathway for complement

A

When complement proteins condense on bound lectins

185
Q

What are lectins

A

Lectins are proteins in the blood that bind to unusual carbohydrates only found on the surface of microbes. Possesses its own proteases that cleave C2 AND C4 to produce C2a and C4b, which form the C3
convertase (convergence with the classical pathway)

BIOSCI 107 Part Two (17 decks)

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