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RBM2202 Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 > Blood disorder pathophysiology > Flashcards

Blood disorder pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

RBC

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2
Q

What is the purpose of Haemoglobin?

A

To transport oxygen in the RBC.

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3
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

The ratio of RBC to total vol of blood.

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4
Q

What is a deficiency of Hb or RBC?

A

Anaemia

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5
Q

How can cancer cause anaemia?

A

Bone marrow infiltration leads to the suppression of RBC development.

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6
Q

How does pregnancy cause anaemia?

A

reduced haematocrit due to 50% increase in plasma volume.

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7
Q

What is erythropoitin?

A

A hormone produced by the kidneys that promotes RBC synthesis in the bone marrow.

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8
Q

How does renal disease cause anaemia?

A

Decreased production of erythropoietin.

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9
Q

How does B12 and folate deficiency cause anaemia?

A

Alters DNA synthesis.

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10
Q

What types of anaemia are caused by altered Hb synthesis?

A

Fe deficient anaemia and thalassemia.

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11
Q

True/False: Blood loss does not cause anaemia.

A

False. Blood loss, from trauma, menstruation, PPH can lead to anaemia.

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of anaemia?

A
  • Iron deficiency Anaemia (IDA)
  • Pernicious Anaemia (low B12)
  • Folic Acid deficiency anaemia
  • Thalassemia
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13
Q

What is the most common type of anaemia in women?

A

IDA

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14
Q

What role does iron (Fe) play in the blood?

A

Iron is an essential element for blood production and is found in haemoglobin. It is also found in muscle cells called myoglobin.

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15
Q

What is ferritin?

A

Iron that is stored in the body.

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16
Q

What are S/S of IDA?

A

fatigue, lethargy, SOB, mental confusion, memory loss, pallor, brittle nails, angular stomatitis, glossitis, increase in infections.

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17
Q

What causes pernicious anaemia?

A

The lack of IF (Intrinsic Factor), a gastric protein, prevents the absorption of B12. This leads to B12 deficiency which interferes with RBC production.

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18
Q

Autoimmune disorders, chronic atrophic gastritis are both causes of what type of anaemia?

A

Pernicious Anaemia.

19
Q

What are the symptoms of pernicious anaemia?

A

Weakness, fatigue, GI issues, SOB, tachycardia, jaundice, paraesthesia.

20
Q

How does a deficiency in folic acid affect RBC?

A

It produces large and immature RBC.

21
Q

What does Folic acid deficiency do during pregnancy?

A

Causes neural tube defects, such as Encephalocele, anencephaly, spina bifida.

22
Q

What is the daily dose of folic acid for women?

A

400mcg

23
Q

What is the condition that produces little to no Hb?

A

Thalassemia

24
Q

What is the anaemia that is an autosomal recessive condition?

A

Thalassemia

25
Q

What does little to no haemoglobin mean for red blood cells?

A

They are misshaped and ineffective.

26
Q

What is cancer of the white blood cells?

A

Leukaemia

27
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Leukaemia?

A

The bone marrow makes abnormally large number of immature WBC. These are called BLASTS.

28
Q

What are the results of Leukaemia?

A
  • Neoplastic cells in peripheral blood.

- Suppression of other blood cells (RBC, platelets, WBC)

29
Q

What can cause Leukemia?

A

High level radiation viruses, chemicals, genes

30
Q

Overproduction of immature WBC (lymphoblast) is ____ lymphoblastic leukaemia.

A

Acute.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)

31
Q

Symptoms of ALL are?

A

anaemia, infection, bleeding. All caused by reduced blood cell production in the bone marrow.

32
Q

What type of leukaemia is most common in children?

A

ALL

33
Q

What is CALLA?

A

Common Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Antigens (CALLA) are on the surface of leukemic cells in >80% of cases.

34
Q

The excessive build up of relatively mature (still abnormal) WBC is _____ Leukaemia.

A

Chronic.

35
Q

____ Leukaemia occurs mostly in older people.

A

Chronic.

36
Q

Those with chronic leukaemia always have high ___ count.

A

WBC.

37
Q

Bone pain with _____ , _____ and enlarged _______ are symptoms of leukaemia.

A

hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymph nodes.

38
Q

Bone pain is due to…..?

A

abnormal plasma cells accumulating in the bone marrow.

39
Q

What are the signs of compensation for low iron?

A

Increased cardiac output, tachycardia, tachypnoea to try and transport oxygen around the body.

40
Q

What type of anaemia is more common in people from Mediterranean countries?

A

Thalassemia.

41
Q

Can PUD cause anaemia?

A

Yes. Chronic blood loss caused by PUD can lead to IDA.

42
Q

What 5 levels are tested to diagnose anaemia?

A
  • Full blood count
  • Iron
  • Folate
  • Vit B12
  • Erythropoietin (EPO)
43
Q

How does CKD induce anaemia?

A

The kidneys cannot produce erythropoietin (EPO) which is made primarily in the kidneys and a small bit in the liver.

RBM2202 Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (11 decks)

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