Blood disorder pathophysiology

Question 1

What is an erythrocyte?

Answer 1

RBC

Question 2

What is the purpose of Haemoglobin?

Answer 2

To transport oxygen in the RBC.

Question 3

What is haematocrit?

Answer 3

The ratio of RBC to total vol of blood.

Question 4

What is a deficiency of Hb or RBC?

Answer 4

Anaemia

Question 5

How can cancer cause anaemia?

Answer 5

Bone marrow infiltration leads to the suppression of RBC development.

Question 6

How does pregnancy cause anaemia?

Answer 6

reduced haematocrit due to 50% increase in plasma volume.

Question 7

What is erythropoitin?

Answer 7

A hormone produced by the kidneys that promotes RBC synthesis in the bone marrow.

Question 8

How does renal disease cause anaemia?

Answer 8

Decreased production of erythropoietin.

Question 9

How does B12 and folate deficiency cause anaemia?

Answer 9

Alters DNA synthesis.

Question 10

What types of anaemia are caused by altered Hb synthesis?

Answer 10

Fe deficient anaemia and thalassemia.

Question 11

True/False: Blood loss does not cause anaemia.

Answer 11

False. Blood loss, from trauma, menstruation, PPH can lead to anaemia.

Question 12

What are the 4 types of anaemia?

Answer 12

• Iron deficiency Anaemia (IDA)
• Pernicious Anaemia (low B12)
• Folic Acid deficiency anaemia
• Thalassemia

Question 13

What is the most common type of anaemia in women?

Answer 13

IDA

Question 14

What role does iron (Fe) play in the blood?

Answer 14

Iron is an essential element for blood production and is found in haemoglobin. It is also found in muscle cells called myoglobin.

Question 15

What is ferritin?

Answer 15

Iron that is stored in the body.

Question 16

What are S/S of IDA?

Answer 16

fatigue, lethargy, SOB, mental confusion, memory loss, pallor, brittle nails, angular stomatitis, glossitis, increase in infections.

Question 17

What causes pernicious anaemia?

Answer 17

The lack of IF (Intrinsic Factor), a gastric protein, prevents the absorption of B12. This leads to B12 deficiency which interferes with RBC production.

Question 18

Autoimmune disorders, chronic atrophic gastritis are both causes of what type of anaemia?

Answer 18

Pernicious Anaemia.

Question 19

What are the symptoms of pernicious anaemia?

Answer 19

Weakness, fatigue, GI issues, SOB, tachycardia, jaundice, paraesthesia.

Question 20

How does a deficiency in folic acid affect RBC?

Answer 20

It produces large and immature RBC.

Question 21

What does Folic acid deficiency do during pregnancy?

Answer 21

Causes neural tube defects, such as Encephalocele, anencephaly, spina bifida.

Question 22

What is the daily dose of folic acid for women?

Answer 22

400mcg

Question 23

What is the condition that produces little to no Hb?

Answer 23

Thalassemia

Question 24

What is the anaemia that is an autosomal recessive condition?

Answer 24

Thalassemia

Question 25

What does little to no haemoglobin mean for red blood cells?

Answer 25

They are misshaped and ineffective.

Question 26

What is cancer of the white blood cells?

Answer 26

Leukaemia

Question 27

What is the pathophysiology of Leukaemia?

Answer 27

The bone marrow makes abnormally large number of immature WBC. These are called BLASTS.

Question 28

What are the results of Leukaemia?

Answer 28

- Neoplastic cells in peripheral blood. | - Suppression of other blood cells (RBC, platelets, WBC)

Question 29

What can cause Leukemia?

Answer 29

High level radiation viruses, chemicals, genes

Question 30

Overproduction of immature WBC (lymphoblast) is ____ lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Answer 30

Acute. | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)

Question 31

Symptoms of ALL are?

Answer 31

anaemia, infection, bleeding. All caused by reduced blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Question 32

What type of leukaemia is most common in children?

Answer 32

ALL

Question 33

What is CALLA?

Answer 33

Common Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Antigens (CALLA) are on the surface of leukemic cells in >80% of cases.

Question 34

The excessive build up of relatively mature (still abnormal) WBC is _____ Leukaemia.

Answer 34

Chronic.

Question 35

____ Leukaemia occurs mostly in older people.

Answer 35

Chronic.

Question 36

Those with chronic leukaemia always have high ___ count.

Answer 36

WBC.

Question 37

Bone pain with _____ , _____ and enlarged _______ are symptoms of leukaemia.

Answer 37

hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymph nodes.

Question 38

Bone pain is due to.....?

Answer 38

abnormal plasma cells accumulating in the bone marrow.

Question 39

What are the signs of compensation for low iron?

Answer 39

Increased cardiac output, tachycardia, tachypnoea to try and transport oxygen around the body.

Question 40

What type of anaemia is more common in people from Mediterranean countries?

Answer 40

Thalassemia.

Question 41

Can PUD cause anaemia?

Answer 41

Yes. Chronic blood loss caused by PUD can lead to IDA.

Question 42

What 5 levels are tested to diagnose anaemia?

Answer 42

- Full blood count - Iron - Folate - Vit B12 - Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 43

How does CKD induce anaemia?

Answer 43

The kidneys cannot produce erythropoietin (EPO) which is made primarily in the kidneys and a small bit in the liver.