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Molecules and Cells Unit 1A > Blood Coagulation > Flashcards

Blood Coagulation Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What process causes the release of factors needed for coagulation?

A

Platelet agglutination

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2
Q

The extrinsic pathway is a one-step process that activates which key enzyme?

A

Factor Xa

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3
Q

Which clotting factors directly activate factor X to Xa?

A

Intrinsically: VIIIa and IXa
Extrinsically: IIIa and VIIa

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4
Q

Which clotting factors convert prothrombin to thrombin?

A

Xa and Va

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5
Q

What test is used to measure the efficiency of intrinsic blood coagulation?

A

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Test (APTT)

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6
Q

What is the average range for an APTT ?

A

30-50 seconds

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7
Q

Prolongations in the aPTT are observed in deficiencies of which factors?

A

XI, IX, VIII, X, V, prothrombin, or fibrinogen

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8
Q

What test is used for common congenital hemophilias and what deficiencies cause these?

A

APTT
A-VIII
B-XI
C-XI

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9
Q

What test is used to measure the efficiency of extrinsic blood coagulation?

A

Prothrombin time (PT)

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10
Q

What coagulation factor is added to a plasma sample in order to test clotting time in a PT test?

A

Tissue Factor (IIIa)

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11
Q

What is the normal time range for a PT test?

A

10-15 seconds

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12
Q

Which deficiencies can be detected via a PT test?

A

VII, X, V, prothrombin, or fibrinogen

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13
Q

Which coagulation test may be used to diagnose acquired bleeding disorders resulting from vitamin K deficiency, oral anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin), and liver disease?

A

Prothrombin time

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14
Q

True or False: Deficiencies in all of the factors lead to a bleeding tendency in the affected individual.

A

False: all but factor XII

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15
Q

Prothrombin is activated by two proteolytic cleavages on the carboxyl side of which amino acid residues;

A

Arg-284 and Arg-320

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16
Q

Binding of Ca2+ to what type of thrombin residue facilitates binding of prothrombin to membrane surfaces and to the prothrombinase complex (FXa:FVa) at the site of injury?

A

y-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues

17
Q

Thrombin causes what substances to be released from platelets at the site of injury within a blood vessel?

A

ADP, thromboxane A2 serotonin, vWF, phospholipids, seretonin, Factor IV (heparin binding protein)

18
Q

Name 3 reasons intact normal vascular endothelium does not bind platelets.

A

(1) receptors and other elements are not exposed
(2) activators such as ADP are rapidly degraded or are not present in blood in sufficient concentration to be effective (3) the endothelium secretes prostacyclin (an inhibitor of platelet aggregation).

19
Q

What cofactors are required for the post-translational, y-carboxylation of several clotting proteins and their release from the liver?

A

The reduced form of Vitamin K (KH2)

Ca2+

20
Q

Which coagulation proteins/glycoprotein cofactor(s) possess an epidermal growth factor domain? Which of these lacks a serine protease?

A

Factors VII, IX, X and proteins C, Z, and S

Factor S lacks serine protease

21
Q

Which factors possess a y-carboxyglutamate (Gla) resiude?

A

II, VII, IX, X, and protein C

22
Q

Why are newborns given vit K injections soon after birth?

A

Vit K levels drop due to the sterility of a newborn gut.

Vit K is needed for y-carboxylation and release of clotting factors from the liver

23
Q

Which factor activates FXIII and what is the function of FXIII?

A

Thrombin;

FXIII = transglutamidase - forms crosslinks between fibrin soft clots to form hard clots

24
Q

What are the steps leading to lysis of fibrin clot?

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) activates plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin has a high affinity for fibrin clots and hydrolyzes the clot.

25
Q

What are two genetic defects leading to chronic or recurrent thrombosis?

A

1) clotting inhibitor deficiencies

2) decreased fibrinolysis

26
Q

What are two acquired defects leading to chronic or recurrent thrombosis?

A

1) atherosclerosis

2) lupus anticoagulants

27
Q

What proteins can be used as a medication to treat thromboembolic disorders and acts as an anti-coagulant?

A

Cuomadin (Warfarin Sodium) and Protein C (FXIV)

28
Q

What protein can be used as a medication to treat thromboembolic disorder and acts as a thrombolytic agent?

A

Heparin

29
Q

Which clotting factors does the anticoagulant Warfarin act on?

A

II, VII, IX, and X

30
Q

Which clotting factors does the thrombolytic agent Heparin act on?

A

IIa, IXa, and Xa

Molecules and Cells Unit 1A (11 decks)

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