Acid-Base

Question 1

Pancreatic Juice has a pH range of __to___.

Answer 1

7.8 to 8.0

Question 2

Name 4 causes of High-Gap acidosis.

Answer 2

1) Methanol ingestion
2) Ketoacidosis
3) Lactic Acidosis
4) Renal Failure

Question 3

How do you calculate the total urine acidity?

Answer 3

Titratable Acid + Ammonium (NH4+) - Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

Question 4

Unchanged gap acidosis (unchanged due to hyperchloremia) can be caused by:

Answer 4

1) Diarrhea
2) HCl or NH4CL Ingestion
3) Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase (causing HCO3- and Cl reuptake)
4) Renal Tubular Acidosis

Question 5

What hormone is involved in renal H20 retention?

Answer 5

Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)

Question 6

What hormone is involved in sodium retention?

Answer 6

Aldosterone

Question 7

What are the two major sites of carbon dioxide transport in the body?

Answer 7

1) Red blood cells

2) Renal tubular epithelium

Question 8

Glutamine converted to NH3+ and H+ these ions are excreted within the renal tubular system. What enzyme catalyzes this process and where does this occur?

Answer 8

• Glutaminase

- Distal collecting tubule

Question 9

The anion gap is calculated via what equation?

Answer 9

Na - (HCO3- + Cl-)

Question 10

Physiological pH ranges are considered normal between:

Answer 10

7.35-7.45 (40 nM)

Question 11

A blood pH of ___ or ___ may result in coma or death

Answer 11

• 6.8 (160 nM)

- 7.8 (15 nM)

Question 12

Excess fat metabolism causes an increase in _____ while low oxygen can cause an increase in ______.

Answer 12

• Acetoacetic Acid

- Lactic Acid

Question 13

Meat and eggs are high in _______ do to them having high amounts of metabolizable cations. Fruits and vegetables yield _____ due to metabolizable cations.

Answer 13

• Fixed acids

- Alkaline

Question 14

Plasma osmolarity includes :
Sucrose = ____
NaCl = ____ (or ___% isotonic saline solution)

Answer 14

• .308 M
• .154 M
• .9%

Question 15

What is the value of active osmolarity for blood plasma and isotonic saline ?

Answer 15

286 mOsmolar

Question 16

Proteins contribute only ___ % to the total osmolarity (11 mOsmolar)

Answer 16

4%

Question 17

High blood glucose can cause water loss and dehydration as well as high blood ______.

Answer 17

Blood urea nitrogen

Question 18

Name the chief intracellular ions in order from least to greatest:

Answer 18

Magnesium < Proteins < Hydrogen Phosphate < Potassium

Question 19

Name the components of the major plasma buffer from least to greatest:

Answer 19

Phosphate < Plasma Proteins < hemoglobin < HCO3-/CO2

Question 20

Carbonic acid is a zinc containing enzyme that facilitates the equilibration of ____ with ____.

Answer 20

• CO2

- blood

Question 21

What is the intracellular pH for cytosol (as well as the pH in red blood cells and lysosomes)?

Answer 21

Cytosol - 6.9
Red blood cells - 7.2
Lysosomes - 5.5 to 6.5 (depending on stage)

Question 22

Gastric juice has a pH range of

Answer 22

1.5 to 3.0

Question 23

Urine has a large pH range from ____ (acidic) to ____ (basic).

Answer 23

4.6 to 8.2

Question 24

What is the total osmolarity mainly dependent on?

Answer 24

Anion gap ions

Question 25

What 3 bodily fluids have pH values of 7.4?

Answer 25

1) Blood plasma
2) Interstitial fluid
3) Breast milk

Question 26

Interstitial fluid has similar ion concentrations when compared to cells except for what?

Answer 26

Interstitial fluid has lower amounts of proteins

Question 27

What are the 4 ions involved in cellular gradients?

Answer 27

1) K+
2) Na+
3) Ca2+
4) Cl-

Question 28

Strong acids and bases ionize at greater than ___ % while weak acids and bases ionize at less that ___%.

Answer 28

• 90%

- 10%

Question 29

The Henderson Hasselbach equation is useful for determining the ration at any pH or the pH from ___ to ___ % of the titration.

Answer 29

10 to 90%

Question 30

What is the maximum buffering capacity?

Answer 30

When pH = pKa

Question 31

What ions are reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule? What enzyme helps with this process?

Answer 31

• Sodium Bicarbonate

- Carbonic anhydrase

Question 32

What enzyme do diuretic drugs target and what is the result of this process?

Answer 32

• Carbonic anhydrase

- alkaline diuresis

Question 33

What contributes to the acidity of urine and the amount of ammonium present?

Answer 33

Net proton excretion at the distal convoluted tubule