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Haematology > Blood cells (introduction to haematology) > Flashcards

Blood cells (introduction to haematology) Flashcards

1
Q

when does haemopoeisis start?

A

day 27

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2
Q

where does haemopoeisis occur in the foetus?

A

starts in aorto-gonado-mesonephros region

by day 40 migrates to the liver

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3
Q

list 4 features of a multi-potential stem cell

A

self-renewal, long term activity, high proliferative potential, differentiation potential for all cell lineages

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4
Q

which 3 types of blood cell originate from the myeloid lineage?

A

RBCs, platelets, leukocytes (granulocytes and monocytes not lymphocytes)

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5
Q

what are the 2types of leucocytes?

A

monocytes and granulocytes

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6
Q

what is the normal number of red blood cells in the blood

A

333,200 X 10^6

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7
Q

what is the term for raised RBCs

A

polycythaemia

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8
Q

when might a patient have relative polycythaemia

A

dehydrated and plasma volume is reduced

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9
Q

what is the term for low RBCs

A

anaemia

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10
Q

how long do RBCs live in the blood

A

120 days lifespan

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11
Q

what does leucokytes mean

A

WBCs

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocyte

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

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13
Q

how many neutrophils are in the blood

A

round 10x10^9 per L

most common WBC in the blood

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14
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

phagocytose

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15
Q

what is the term for raised neutrophils and why might this occur

A

neutrophilia
bacterial infection
inflammation

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16
Q

what is the term for decreased neutrophils and why might this occur

A

neutropenia
drug side effect
AI disease

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17
Q

how long do neutrophils live in the blood

A

a few hours

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18
Q

what is the term for increased eusinophils and when might this occur

A

eosinophilia
allergy
parasitic infection

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19
Q

what is the role of basophils

A

part of the primitive immune system

rare WBCs

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20
Q

term for increased basophils and when this might occur

A

basophilia

chronic myeloid leukaemia

21
Q

what do monocytes do

A

phagocytose and APCs

22
Q

what are monocytes called when they reach the tissues

A

macrophages
liver - kupffer cells
skin - langerhan cells

23
Q

term for increased monocytes

A

monocytosis e.g. TB

24
Q

which WBCs arise from the lymphoid cell line

A

lymphocytes(NK cells, B cells, T cells, plasma cells)

25
Q

where do B cells mature

A

bone marrow

26
Q

where do T cells mature

A

thymus

27
Q

what is the role of NK cells

A

innate immune system

recognise non-self antigens (Cells, viruses)

28
Q

what is the role of b cells?

A

adaptive immune system
antigen specific antibody production
humoral immunity

29
Q

what is the roe of t lymphocytes

A 
cell-mediated immunity
adaptive immune system
target specific cytotoxicity
interact with b cells and macrophages
regulate immune responses
30
Q

term for raised lymphocytes

A

lymphocytosis

31
Q

term for depleted lymphocytes

A

lymphopenia

32
Q

why might lymphocytes be raised

A

atypical lymphocytes of glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

33
Q

when my lymphocyte be decreased in number

A

post BM transplant

34
Q

term for increased plasma cells and when might this occur

A

plasmacytosis

infection, myeloma

35
Q

how many platelets are in the blood

A

around 200x10^9 per L

36
Q

what is the role of platelets

A

part of the blood clotting system (together with soluble clotting factors and endothelial cells)
aggregate to plug holes in damaged blood vessels

37
Q

what are the 4 main sub-divisions of haematology clinical practice?

A

coagulation
malignant
non-malignant
transfusion

38
Q

which tests are included in a full blood count?

A

haemoglobin concentration
red cells parameters (MCV and MCH)
WCC
platelet count

39
Q

describe the process of taking a BM aspirate and trephine biopsy

A

Local anaesthetic
liquid marrow aspirated from posterior iliac crest
trephine core biopsy taken with a hollow needle

40
Q

describe the process of obtaining a blood specimen

A

appropriate sample from the patient
EDTA tube - anticoagulated blood (mixed well, blood filled to the line on the tube)
samples to the lab promptly as EDTA artefact can affect the results

41
Q

which blood cell may show inter-individual variation?

A

platelets

42
Q

why might technical failures arise?

A

clotted sample

variation in reagents

43
Q

what is the reference range?

A

test results for a given test that incorporates 95% population

44
Q

define sensitivity

A

the proportion of abnormal results that are correctly identified as abnormal
TP/(TP+FN)

45
Q

define specificity

A

the proportion of normal results correctly classified

TN(TN+FP)

46
Q

why might thrombocytopenia by artefactual?

A

some platelets clump together

47
Q

why might lymphocytosis arise appropriately

A

post splenectomy –> mild increase

48
Q

why might lymphopenia arise

A

post BM transplant

Haematology (5 decks)

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