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Cells to Systems > Blood Cell Formation and Function > Flashcards

Blood Cell Formation and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the intracellular substance of blood?

A

Plasma

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2
Q

What is the cellular substances of blood?

A

RBC - erythrocytes WBC - Leukocytes Platelets - derived from cells that are no longer cellular

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3
Q

What is plasma?

A

-Rich in protein - albumin, globulins, Ig, fibrinogen = clotting -Regulatory substances, nutritional substances, salts, waste - Removal of fibrinogen-fibrin - serum

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4
Q

What percentage of blood is made up of plasma?

A

~55%

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5
Q

What percentage of blood is RBC?

A

~45%

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6
Q

What is the purpose of plasma in the blood?

A

-Transport mechanism

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7
Q

What is the biggest component that makes up blood?

A

90-92% water 6-7% proteins 2-3% fats, carbs, electrolytes, gases, chemical messengers

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8
Q

What are the two categories of blood cells?

A

1) Red blood cells = erythrocytes 2) White blood cells = leukocytes

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9
Q

Are there more red or white blood cells found in blood usually?

A

Red, but the exact number varies in an individual

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10
Q

What are the 2 main components that make up erythrocytes?

A

water = 60% Haemaglobin = 40%

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11
Q

True or false mammalian RBC have no nucleus

A

True - except when foetus (lose after birth)

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12
Q

What colour do RBC stain?

A

Eosinophilic

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13
Q

What are the functions of RBC?

A

Carrying O2, CO2 and H+ around the body - buffering role

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14
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

They are immature red blood cells - make up ~1% of red cells in the human body

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15
Q

how long do reticulocytes circulate before they develop into mature RBC?

A

About 1 day

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16
Q

Who’s RBC is this?

A

Avian

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17
Q

Who’s RBC is this?

A

Sheep

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18
Q

Who’s RBC is this?

A

Camel

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19
Q

Do we know why mammalian RBC lose their organelles?

A

No

20
Q

What are the groups that carrying the oxygen in RBC?

A

Haem - made up of 4 subunits that can each carry 2 O2 so lots of carrying potential

21
Q

How is CO2 carried in blood?

A

CO2 diffuses across endothelial cells into blood (driven by high CO2 levels in tissues) - most is transported by the RBC as bicarbonate ions (64%) or combined with haemoglobin (21%) or dissolved in erythrocytes (4%) - Plasma only carries a bit 6% dissolved and 5% converted into bicarbonate ions

22
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

23
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Platelets

24
Q

What are thrombocytes involved in?

A

Essential for haemostasis = clotting

25
Q

Where are platelets from?

A

Megakaryocytes = bud off from Resevoir in spleen

26
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

8-10 days

27
Q

What is the structure and composition of platelets?

A

-small, ovoid bodies - granules

28
Q

What are the 2 types of blood clotting thrombocytes are involved in?

A

1) aggregation: platelet adherence - epi cell injury = platelet plug 2) Coagulation: fibrin formation - larger site wounds

29
Q

What are the steps to blood coagulation?

A

injury triggers two events: 1) the activation and deposition of platelets at a wound site 2) Activation of coagulation pathway: - prothrombin converted to thrombin - thrombin causes fibrinogen to polymerize into fibrin 3) lead to the formation of a fibrin seal on the deposited platelets 4) “plugs the leak”

30
Q

What is a differential cell count?

A

Morphological examination = general health of the animal

31
Q

What does haematocrit (Hct) measure?

A

Packed cell volume (PCV)

32
Q

What factors could change plasma levels?

A

-Dehydration = make haematocrit appear larger than it is - mask anaemia - increase in pregnancy can mimic anaemia

33
Q

How long do RBC last in the body?

A

100-120 Days Highest cells produced rate as well as longest lifespan

34
Q

What does Multipotent Stem cell mean?

A

They can form any blood cell line -myeloid and lymphoid

35
Q

How do multipotent stem cells differentiate?

A

-controlled by lineage-independent and lineage-specific cytokines and grown factors

36
Q

What is the role of haemopoiesis?

A

1) to maintain homeostasis 2) enable a rapid response to life-threatening conditions: - blood loss (RBC numbers are tightly regulated) - Infection (WBC numbers increase to fight infection) 3) Remove and replace dangerous cell types: - Neutrophils and Eosinophils

37
Q

Where is the site of haemopoiesis in Adult animals?

A
  • Bone marrow = proximal ends of femurs, pelvic flat bones, vertebrae, skull, ribs and sternum
38
Q

What regulates haemopoietic stem cells?

A

Lots happening but the receptor binding controls gene expression and directs the development Differentiation triggered by: depends on signal molecules

39
Q

What triggers Erythropoiesis?

A

Hypoxia

40
Q

What controls Erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin that is produced by fibroblast-like cells in the cortex and outer medulla of the kidney

41
Q

How does EPO control Erythropoietin?

A

-Shortens the cell cycle time -increases the rate of maturation -Increased rate of release from bone marrow = increases presence of circulating reticulocytes

42
Q

what is a indication of recent increase in erythropoiesis?

A

Increased presence of circulating reticulocytes

43
Q

Where is erythropoietins made?

A

Kidneys!

44
Q

What is Anaemia?

A

A disease of erythrocytes: reduction in the ability of blood to carry oxygen = too few RBC or low haemoglobin levels in RBC

45
Q

What is Polycythaemia?

A

Disease of erythrocytes: excessive number of RBC = bone marrow cancer or moving in high altitudes

Cells to Systems (10 decks)

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