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Biology 20 > Blood and Immune System > Flashcards

Blood and Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the types of plasma proteins?

A

Albumins
Globulins (immunoglobulins)
Fibrinogen

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2
Q

What is the function of albumins?

A

Osmotic balance - maintain H2O levels

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3
Q

What is the function of globulins (immunoglobulins)?

A

Antibodies

Immunity

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4
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

Blood clotting

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5
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A 
Red blood cells
Transport O2
Packed with hemoglobin
Are biconcave
Have no nucleus when mature
Made in bone marrow 
Broken down by spleen and liver
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6
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

A

Greatly increases capacity of RBC to carry oxygen

Heme: iron containing pigment
Globin: protein structure

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7
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells or WBCs
Outnumbered by RBCs
Have a nucleus

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8
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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9
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Small cytoplasmic granules are visible when strained

Produced in bone marrow

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10
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

Do not have granular cytoplasm

Produced in bone marrow but are modified in lymph nodes

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11
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Destroy invading microbes by phagocytosis

Move like an amoeba

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12
Q

What are the three types of Phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils - toxins, hemorrhage, fever, burns

Eosinophils - allergies and parasitic worms

Basophils - damage to tissues

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13
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

The main constituents of the immune system

Yield antibodies and arrange them on their membrane

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14
Q

What are Platelets?

A

Thrombocytes
Do not contain a nucleus
Produced in bone marrow
Move through blood vessels and initiate blood clotting reactions

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15
Q

What are the steps in the blood clotting process?

A

Platelet strikes a torn blood vessel

Platelet breaks apart and releases thromboplastin

Ca and thromboplastin activates prothrombin

Becomes thrombin

Splices fibrinogen

Converted into fibrin

Wraps around cut and seals it

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16
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Molecules that cause the synthesis of antibodies when injected into another organism

17
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Proteins found in blood that attack and neutralize substances that are foreign to the body

18
Q

What is the first line of defence in the immune system?

A

Non-specific and external
Skin: protective
Respiratory tract: mucus and cilia sweep foreign material away from lung
Stomach: acids and protein digesting enzymes destroy microbes
Tears, saliva, mucus secretions: destroys bacterial cell walls

19
Q

What is the second line of defence in the immune system?

A 
Non-specific and internal
Phagocytes destroy microbes
Inflammatory response 
Fever
Protective proteins
Interferon
20
Q

What is the third line of defence in the immune system?

A

Specific and internal
Slower, but more specific
White blood cells and lymph system are involved
WBC respond to antigens

21
Q

What are some clues that the second line of defence is happening?

A

Pus

Inflammation

22
Q

What is Interferon?

A

Active against viruses

Tissue cells infected by viruses produce and secrete interferon

Chemical binds to uninflected cells

These cells now produce substances that interfere with viral replication

23
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

A macrophage engulfs a bacterium, then the bacterial antigen along with the identification protein will be displayed on the macrophage membrane

The appropriate T cell and it’s receptor is presented with the antigen and is now activated

The T cell then grows and divides into Helper T cells, Killer T cells, Suppressor T cells, and Memory T cells

24
Q

What is the function of a Helper T cell?

A

Directly stimulates a B cell by presenting an antigen to it

25
Q

What is the function of a Killer T cell?

A

Release a chemical that forms a pore in the foreign cell membrane bearing an antigen

Cell swells and bursts

26
Q

What is the function of a Suppressor T cell?

A

Number increases slowly

Suppress immune response

27
Q

What is the function of a Memory T cell?

A

Recognizes original invading antigen

Can last a life time

28
Q

What is antibody mediated immunity?

A

Antigen bonds to membrane-bound antibody on B cells

B cell divides into: many plasma cells which produce and release antibodies into blood and lymph and memory B cells that remain in bloodstream

Antibody level increases and antigens disappear from the body

29
Q

Where are B-cells and T-cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

30
Q

After the T-cells are produced, they migrate where to get modified?

A

The thymus gland

Biology 20 (11 decks)

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