Blood and Hematopoesis German Week 4

Question 1

what are the main components of blood and their relative amounts?

Answer 1

plasma 55%
buffy coat 1%
RBCs 44%

Question 2

what cells are considered monocytes?

Answer 2

macs and dendritic cells

Question 3

what cells are considered granulocytes?

Answer 3

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

“the phils” and mast cell

Question 4

what cells are considered lymphocytes?

Answer 4

B cells, T cells, plasma cells, effector T cell

these are all considered adaptive cells

Question 5

what cells have a erythroid progenitor?

Answer 5

platelets and erythrocytes

Question 6

Where are blood cells produced?

Answer 6

in the bone marrow as stem cells, progenitor cells and blast cells.

• organized
• most cells mature in periphery

Question 7

Important stuff about Erythrocytes

Answer 7

• hemoglobin
• carbonic anhydrase
• no nucleus
• lifespan 120 days, 1-2% replaced daily
• requires iron, folic acid (Vit B9), cobalamin (vit. B12)

Question 8

what is erythropoiesis driven by?

Answer 8

erythropoietin (EPO), increased by hypoxia due to an increase in lactic acid

Question 9

Neutrophils

Answer 9

primary inflammatory cell
granulocyte
multilobed
--effector mechanisms:
-phagocytosis
-degranulation
-net formation
**only in vasculature and must be recruited to sites of inflammation**

Question 10

Granulocyte characteristics of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

Answer 10

Dense granules contain:
antimicrobials
neurotransmitters
pro-inflammatory signals 
growth factors
-degranulation upon activation
-predominantly in peripheral tissues
-responds to worms and parasites

Question 11

Monocytes characteristics

Answer 11

differentiate into macs and dendritic cells
kill pathogens, clear debris
phagocytose antigens
activate the adaptive immune system

Question 12

lymphocytes characterisitics

Answer 12

adaptive immune system
cellular: T cells and NK cells
humoral: B cells
immune memory
often require monocyte activation

Question 13

what cells produce platelets?

Answer 13

megakaryocytes and reside in the bone marrow

Question 14

what are the three steps in clotting?

Answer 14

1. Vascular constriction
   a. smooth muscles contract
   b. prevents blood flow
2. Platelet plug
   a. platelets agglutinate
   b. closes small ruptures
3. Coagulation
   a. fibrin matrix formation
   b. fibroblast recruitment
   c. wound healing

Question 15

steps of the coagulation pathway?

Answer 15

• prothrombin activated by prothrombin activator to thrombin. rate limiting step
• Thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin monomer
• Fibrin monomers use Calcium to form fibrin fibers
• Fibrin fibers activated by thrombin activated fibrin stabilizing factor to form cross-linked fibrin fibers

Question 16

What are the two ways to produce prothrombin activator? and what is the difference?

Answer 16

Intrinsic and Extrinsic

• Intrinsic begins in the blood (IN in the blood)
• Extrinsic begins at the site of tissue trauma (EX out side blood)