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biology > Biosignaling Week 5 German > Flashcards

Biosignaling Week 5 German Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the six requirements for effective signal transduction?

A 
Specificity
modularity
feedback
integration
fidelity 
amplification
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2
Q

what does autocrine mean

A

feedback is self stimulating

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3
Q

what does paracrine mean

A

signals within organ systems and pretty localized, and also can be between organ systems

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4
Q

what does endocrine mean

A

signal is sent into blood stream for a systemic response, signal travels far

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5
Q

What are the four components of signal transduction?

A
  1. signal
  2. receptor
  3. transduction pathways
  4. Targets
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6
Q

What the types of signals?

A

Soluble: Proteins, AAs, lipids and FAs, carbohydrates
Linked: lntegrin
Physical: mechanical(mechanoreceptors) , light(opsin), and temperature(TRP channels)

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7
Q

Receptor families

-G protein-coupled receptor

A

external ligand binding activates an intracellular GTP-binding protein (G), which regulates an enzyme that generates an intracellular second messenger.
-Leads to activated enzymes

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8
Q

Receptor families

-Receptor tyrosine kinase

A

ligand binding activates tyrosine kinase activity by autophosphorylation.

  • Activated by themselves
  • Kinase activates transcription factor, altering gene expression
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9
Q

Receptor families

-Receptor guanylyl cyclase

A

ligand binding to extracellular domain stimulates formation of second messenger cyclic GMP
-Self activated

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10
Q

Receptor families

-Gated ion channel

A

opens or closes in response to concentration of signal ligand or membrane potential
-self activated

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11
Q

Receptor families

-Adhesion receptor (integrin)

A

Binds molecules in extracellular matrix, changes conformation, thus altering its interaction with cytoskeleton
-at plasma membrane, tells a cell about ECM, and alters conformation of cytoskeleton

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12
Q

Receptor families

-Nuclear receptor

A

hormone binding allows the receptor to regulate the expression of specific genes

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13
Q

Receptor families

-Cytokine receptors

A

respond to interleukins(Type I and II), TNFR, and Igs

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14
Q

Name the 7 canonical receptor families

A
  1. G-protein coupled
  2. Receptor tyrosine kinase
  3. Receptor Guanylyl cyclase
  4. Ligand Gated Ion Channels
  5. Adhesion
  6. Nuclear
  7. Cytokine
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15
Q

What is Kd

A

dissociation constant for ligand binding

represents when 50% of ligand is bound to receptors

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16
Q

What are the four main roles of the plasma membrane

A
  1. Receptor localization
  2. ligand exposure
  3. Signaling complex formation
  4. Endocytosis
17
Q

Why are signaling endosomes important?

A

they change the concentration of the signal ligand so that the signal with be sent more often within the cell

18
Q

What are the two types of lipid rafts

A

Caveolar: leads to caveolar mediated endocytosis
Planar: signal promotion and signal inhibition, no endocytosis

19
Q

what enzyme directs the traffic dealing with vesicles?

A

Rab GTPase

20
Q

Signal transduction order?

A 
First messenger(ligand)
receptor
signal transducer (g protein)
primary effector (adenylyl cyclase)
second messenger (cyclic AMP)
secondary effector (protein kinase)
signaling cascade 
** effectors are usually enzymes**
21
Q

How do chemical rxns transfer information

A

complex formation or dissociation
structural change
Post-translational modification (allosteric mod)

22
Q

Important post-translational modifications

A 
phosphorylation
ubiquitination
glycosylation
oxidation
methylation
acetylation
SUMOylation
23
Q

Common signaling cascades

there are four of them

A
  1. MItogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)
  2. Janus Kinase-Signal Transducer and activation of Transcription (JAK-STAT)
  3. PHosphatidylinostiol 3-kinase (PI3K)
  4. Phospholipase C (PLC)
24
Q

Important things to know about the signaling cascades

four of them

A
  • receptors activate multiple signaling cascades
  • conserved signal transduction process
  • variable messengers
  • signals are context specific
25
Q

Mitogen-Acitvated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling

A

Phosphorylation of three proteins is the pathway
and activated RAS then activates
MAPKKK to MAPKK to MAPK, which leads to regulation of gene expression, Cell cycle progression, translation, mRNA stability, Adhesion and Migration

26
Q

Janus Kinase-Signal transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling

A

upon ligand binding, the receptor will dimerize and the JAK will phosphorylate the tail of the receptor and then the STAT protein is phosphorylated and sent to the nucleus which leads to transcriptional modifications by the STAT protein
-simplest signaling pathway

27
Q

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling

A

phosphorylates a lipid (PIP2) not a protein, and then will go activate PIP3 which activates AKT which then inhibits protein synthesis, cell cycle, and cell survival

28
Q

Phospholipase C signaling

A

activated by G-protein receptor and then the alpha portion of the G protein activates phospholipase C and this takes PIP2 and cleaves it into IP3 (head of lipid) and leaves DAG which activates PKC and then IP3 activates IP3-gated calcium channel

29
Q

What are the most common targets for signal transduction?

A

nucleus -> trancription, cell division
cytoskeleton-> cell structure and motility
enzymes-> initiate metablic pathways
receptors-> alter signal transduction
transporters-> change intracellular environment
ion channels -> change membrane potential

30
Q

Epinephrine signaling

A

affects vascular tone (constriction or dilation)
Co-administered with local anesthetics
**G-protein and PLC signaling

31
Q

Insulin signaling

A

regulates cellular division and metabolic processes
transports glucose into cells, alters blood sugar, enables aerobic respiration
**RTK, MAPK, PI3K signaling

32
Q

Beta adrenergic receptor

A

ligand is epinephrine and this leads to G-protein to split and the alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase to convert GTP to cAMP and
** leads to Smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation

33
Q

alpha adrenergic receptor

A

norepinephrine binds to the alpha adrenergic receptor and GTP causes the alpha subunit of G-protein to activate Phospholipase C which then activates PIP2 into IP3 and DAG. IP3 leads to release of calcium of ER.

**this leads to smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction

34
Q

Insulin signaling

A
  • causes dimerization of its receptor RTK and causes its tails to auto phosphorylate, which leads to IRS-1 which recruits RAS to activate the MAPK pathway which leads to the production of proteins that alter translation.
  • IRS-1 also activates PI3K to activate PIP2 and activate PIP3 which activates PKB which activates GSK3 to make it inactivate glycogen to make glycogen synthase active to make glycogen.

biology (6 decks)

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