blood and circulatory system Flashcards
list functions of the CVS and give examples
- Transportation of Oxygen and Nutrients:
Example: Oxygenated blood is pumped by the heart to tissues and organs throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients needed for cellular metabolism. - Removal of Carbon Dioxide and Waste Products:
Example: Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart and is pumped to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and exhaled. - Regulation of pH and Electrolyte Balance:
Example: The cardiovascular system helps maintain the pH balance of body fluids by transporting buffers and regulating the concentration of electrolytes - Temperature Regulation:
Example: Blood vessels near the skin’s surface dilate (vasodilation) in response to heat, allowing excess heat to be released from the body through radiation. Conversely, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) to conserve heat in colder environments, helping to maintain body temperature within a narrow range. - Immune Response and Defense:
Example: The cardiovascular system transports immune cells, antibodies, and signaling molecules to sites of infection or injury, facilitating the body’s immune response. - Hormonal Regulation:
Example: Hormones produced by endocrine glands are transported through the bloodstream to target tissues and organs
name three principle components of the CVS
- heart
- blood vessels
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries - blood
name the two circuits in the CVS
- pulmonary circuit - heart –> lungs
- systemic circuit - tissue –> heart
describe the physiology of the heart
- cardiac cycle
- electrical conduction
- atrial contraction (atrial systole)
- ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
- ventricular relaxation (diastole)
- cardiac output
- regulation of heart rate and stroke volume
describe the anatomy of the heart
- left/right atria
- left/right ventricle
- valves - atrioventricular valves/semilunar valves
- septa - artial/ventricular septum
- pericardium
- coronary arteries
name the three layers that make up the muscular wall of the heart
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
what vascular system supplies the muscle tissue of the heart
coronary circulation
whats the difference between contractile and autorhythmic cells
contractile cells are responsible for the mechanical pumping action of the heart, while autorhythmic cells generate and conduct electrical impulses to regulate the heartbeat.
what role does the sinoatrial node play in the heart
acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses that set the heart rate and coordinate the rhythmic contraction of the heart chambers. It ensures efficient blood pumping by synchronizing atrial and ventricular contractions.
name the different types of blood vessels present and their roles
- Arteries:
carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to various parts of the body. - Veins:
carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart from the body’s tissues and organs. - Capillaries:
They facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues.
what is the common structural component all blood vessels share
- tunica intima (inner layer)
- tunica media (middle layer)
- tunica adventitia (outer layer or tunica externa)
what is vasomotion
the rhythmic narrowing and widening of blood vessels, mainly arterioles, driven by the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle cells in their walls. It regulates blood flow and pressure throughout the body in response to various physiological factors, ensuring proper tissue perfusion and overall cardiovascular balance.
how does the precapillary sphincter control blood flow at capillary beds
by controlling the diameter of arterioles. When relaxed, it allows blood flow, and when contracted, it reduces blood flow, ensuring proper tissue perfusion.
list the major functions of the blood, with a short explanation of each function
- Transportation: Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to cells and tissues throughout the body and transports carbon dioxide, a waste product, from tissues to the lungs for exhalation. Additionally, it transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products to and from cells.
- Regulation: Blood helps regulate body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat, which helps maintain optimal body temperature. It also helps maintain pH balance (acidity or alkalinity) and electrolyte balance in the body fluids.
- Protection: Blood contains white blood cells (leukocytes) and antibodies that defend the body against infections and foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. It also helps in the clotting process, preventing excessive bleeding when blood vessels are damaged.
define hematopoiesis
producing new blood cells
