blood and circulatory system Flashcards
list functions of the CVS and give examples
- Transportation of Oxygen and Nutrients:
Example: Oxygenated blood is pumped by the heart to tissues and organs throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients needed for cellular metabolism. - Removal of Carbon Dioxide and Waste Products:
Example: Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart and is pumped to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and exhaled. - Regulation of pH and Electrolyte Balance:
Example: The cardiovascular system helps maintain the pH balance of body fluids by transporting buffers and regulating the concentration of electrolytes - Temperature Regulation:
Example: Blood vessels near the skin’s surface dilate (vasodilation) in response to heat, allowing excess heat to be released from the body through radiation. Conversely, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) to conserve heat in colder environments, helping to maintain body temperature within a narrow range. - Immune Response and Defense:
Example: The cardiovascular system transports immune cells, antibodies, and signaling molecules to sites of infection or injury, facilitating the body’s immune response. - Hormonal Regulation:
Example: Hormones produced by endocrine glands are transported through the bloodstream to target tissues and organs
name three principle components of the CVS
- heart
- blood vessels
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries - blood
name the two circuits in the CVS
- pulmonary circuit - heart –> lungs
- systemic circuit - tissue –> heart
describe the physiology of the heart
- cardiac cycle
- electrical conduction
- atrial contraction (atrial systole)
- ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
- ventricular relaxation (diastole)
- cardiac output
- regulation of heart rate and stroke volume
describe the anatomy of the heart
- left/right atria
- left/right ventricle
- valves - atrioventricular valves/semilunar valves
- septa - artial/ventricular septum
- pericardium
- coronary arteries
name the three layers that make up the muscular wall of the heart
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
what vascular system supplies the muscle tissue of the heart
coronary circulation
whats the difference between contractile and autorhythmic cells
contractile cells are responsible for the mechanical pumping action of the heart, while autorhythmic cells generate and conduct electrical impulses to regulate the heartbeat.
what role does the sinoatrial node play in the heart
acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses that set the heart rate and coordinate the rhythmic contraction of the heart chambers. It ensures efficient blood pumping by synchronizing atrial and ventricular contractions.
name the different types of blood vessels present and their roles
- Arteries:
carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to various parts of the body. - Veins:
carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart from the body’s tissues and organs. - Capillaries:
They facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues.
what is the common structural component all blood vessels share
- tunica intima (inner layer)
- tunica media (middle layer)
- tunica adventitia (outer layer or tunica externa)
what is vasomotion
the rhythmic narrowing and widening of blood vessels, mainly arterioles, driven by the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle cells in their walls. It regulates blood flow and pressure throughout the body in response to various physiological factors, ensuring proper tissue perfusion and overall cardiovascular balance.
how does the precapillary sphincter control blood flow at capillary beds
by controlling the diameter of arterioles. When relaxed, it allows blood flow, and when contracted, it reduces blood flow, ensuring proper tissue perfusion.
list the major functions of the blood, with a short explanation of each function
- Transportation: Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to cells and tissues throughout the body and transports carbon dioxide, a waste product, from tissues to the lungs for exhalation. Additionally, it transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products to and from cells.
- Regulation: Blood helps regulate body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat, which helps maintain optimal body temperature. It also helps maintain pH balance (acidity or alkalinity) and electrolyte balance in the body fluids.
- Protection: Blood contains white blood cells (leukocytes) and antibodies that defend the body against infections and foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. It also helps in the clotting process, preventing excessive bleeding when blood vessels are damaged.
define hematopoiesis
producing new blood cells
where in the body does hematopoiesis occur
bone marrow
list the major components of the blood and its role in the body
- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):
Role: Transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs throughout the body and assist in the transport of carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs for exhalation. - White Blood Cells (Leukocytes):
Role: Part of the immune system, help defend the body against infections by attacking and destroying pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They also play a role in regulating inflammatory responses. - Platelets (Thrombocytes):
Role: Essential for blood clotting (hemostasis), platelets help in the formation of blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding when blood vessels are damaged. - Plasma:
Role: Plasma is the liquid component of blood and serves as a medium for transporting blood cells, nutrients, hormones, waste products, and other substances throughout the body. It also helps maintain blood pressure and pH balance, and it contributes to immune function by carrying antibodies and other proteins. - Other Solutes:
Role: Blood contains various solutes such as electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.), nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids, etc.), hormones, enzymes, and waste products (urea, creatinine, etc.). These substances play important roles in cellular function, metabolism, and homeostasis.
on average what is the life span of a red blood cell
120 days
what is the primary role of the red blood cell and how is it adapted to this function
Transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs throughout the body and assist in the transport of carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs for exhalation.
1. hemoglobin content
2. biconcave shape
3. flexible and deformable
4. lack of nucleus
5. life span
what is the name of the part of the red blood cell that is responsible for carrying oxygen
hemoglobin
name three major causes of anaemia
- iron deficiency
- vitamin B12 deficiency
- chronic diseases or conditions
name the cell that produces platelets
megakaryocyte
are macrophages part of the innate or adaptive immune system
innate immune system
how is blood configured
55% plasma
45% RBC
<1% buffy coat composed of white blood cells and platelets
what are the three types pf cells
- RBC - erythrocytes
- WBC - leukocytes
- platelets - thrombocytes
what is the function of erythrocytes
to carry oxygen
what is hemoglobin
Protein found in Red blood cells
- Where oxygen pressure is high, Hb takes up oxygen (e.g. in a lung)
- Where oxygen pressure is low, Hb gives up oxygen (e.g. in respiring tissue)
what are the two types of leucocytes
lymphocyte (solid nucleus)
neutrophil (polymorphic nucleus)
what is the function of platelets
blood clotting
what are the five main types of blood vessels
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
the delay of 0.1 seconds at the AV node is to allow…
the ventricles to fill
