Blood and Blood Group

Question 1

What is blood and its function?

Answer 1

Blood consists of a fluid in which several types of substances and specialised blood cells are suspended.
Circulates around the body
Transports substances from one area to another
Plays an important role in temperature

Question 2

How much plasma is in the blood and what is it essential for?

Answer 2

55% and is essential for homeostasis

Question 3

What is plasma composed of?

Answer 3

Composed of:
90 % water
Proteins → Contribute to the maintenance of osmotic pressure in the circulatory system. Albumin → is a type of protein in which substances like drugs can bind to and be transported in the blood.
Globulins → antibodies that protect the body from microorganisms
Fibrinogen → protein essential to blood clotting
Nutrients → are carried around the body for distribution to all cells in the form in which it can be absorbed in the GI tract
Wastes → including urea, creatinine and bilirubin
Gases → oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen
Electrolytes → carried around the body in plasma to supply blood cells and also to maintain fluid and electrolytes

Question 4

How much blood cells are in the blood?

Answer 4

45%

Question 5

What are the three main types of blood cells?

Answer 5

• Erythrocytes (90%)
• Leucocytes (around 1%)
• Thrombocytes

Question 6

What are red blood cells and haemoglobin responsible for?

Answer 6

Responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to all the body. Contain a few organelles and no nucleus
Haemoglobin: responsible for the transportation of oxygen. Each haemoglobin consists of proteins, globulin and four polypeptides containing pigment haem with an iron where the oxygen attaches and therefore each haemoglobin can carry 4 molecules of oxygen.
Red bone marrow-haemopoiesis

Question 7

What are leucocytes?

Answer 7

Largest blood cells and contain a nuclei

Some have absent or present granules which define what type of WBC it is.

Question 8

What are the two types of leucocytes?

Answer 8

Agrunolocytes and Granulocytes

Question 9

What are the three types of granulocytes?

Answer 9

Three types of granulocytes:
Neutrophils: Responsible for protecting the body from foreign cells and for removing debris.
Basophils: irregularly shaped nuclei. Contain heparin and histamine
Eosinophils: have nuclei with two lobes. Neutralises histamine and contains lysosomes that act against parasites

Question 10

What are the two types of agrunolocytes?

Answer 10

Monocytes: kidney-shaped nucleus and develop into macrophages and have an active role in inflammatory.
Lymphocytes: single round nucleus and are responsible for identifying foreign or abnormal cells - antigens and release antibodies when attacking.

Question 11

What are thrombocytes?

Answer 11

contain substances that are needed for blood clotting.
Haemostasis: the stoppage of bleeding
Vasoconstriction
Formation of plug
Coagulation of the blood: a permanent clot can be formed by the production of fibrin.

Question 12

What are the blood groups,their antigen,antibodies, rhesus factor, and their donor?

Answer 12

Group A+
     Antigen A+D
     Antibody B
     Donor: A+/A-   O-/O+
Group A-
    Antigen A
    Antigen B and also can make Anti D
    Donor: O-/A-
Group B+
  Antigen B+D
  Antibody A
  Donor: B+/B- O-/O+
Group B-
  Antigen B
  Antibody A and also can make Anti D
  Donor: O-/B-
Group AB+
  Antigen A+B+D
  Antibody NONE
  Donor: A+/A- B+/B- AB+/AB- O+/O-
Group AB-
  Antigen A+B+D
  Antibody  can make Anti D
  Donor: AB-/O-/A-/B-
Group O+
  Antigen NONE
  Antibody A+B
  Donor: O-/O+
Group O-
   Antigen NONE
   Antibody A+B and can make Anti D
   Donor: O-

Question 13

What needs to be checked in antenatal appointments?

Answer 13

Check or record blood group and rhesus factor
Fetal-maternal haemorrhage: Fetal-maternal haemorrhage is the loss of fetal blood cells into the maternal circulation
Immune response-antibodies
Sensitisation events:
Which of the following is a sensitisation event?
Select one:
a. Trauma to the abdomen during the antenatal period
b. External cephalic version
c. Amniocentesis
d. All of these options
Kleihauer test: The Kleihauer–Betke test, Kleihauer–Betke stain, Kleihauer test or Acid elution test, is a blood test used to measure the amount of fetal hemoglobin transferred from a fetus to a mother’s bloodstream.
Anti D immunoglobulin

Question 14

What are the changes to the cardiac system during pregnancy?

Answer 14

During pregnancy, in the heart the cardiac output rises by up to 40% and enables blood to flow through the added circulation formed in the enlarging uterus.
Blood vessels vasodilate as a result of the hormone progesterone on the smooth muscles. Decreases blood pressure and can cause tiredness and lightheadedness.
Plasma volume rises up to 50% and RBCs number increases up to 18%.
Heart increases in size and changes position

Question 15

What are the changes in the cardiac system in labour?

Answer 15

Cardiac output increases by 2l/min

After delivery, the increased levels of clotting factors to stop bleeding after placental excretion.

Question 16

What are the checks that need to be done in the postnatal period with blood?

Answer 16

Rhesus negative mothers
Maternal and cord blood
Check Kleihauer result
Anti D immunoglobulin