Blood

Question 1

Liquid component of blood

Answer 1

Plasma: has clotting factors and fibrinogen

Serum: plasma minus clotting factors (still contains other proteins NOT used in blood clotting: complement, antibodies, etc?)

Question 2

Cellular component of blood

Answer 2

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Question 3

What are the functions of the liquid component of blood?

Answer 3

Deliver nutrients to tissues

Remove waste (via kidney)

Detoxify chemicals (via liver)

Bring clotting proteins to sites of injury

Albumin maintains osmotic pressure

Question 4

Examples of how blood is a good fluid to check for organ function

Answer 4

1) If cells of organ damaged, they’ll release enzymes and things they’re not supposed to and you’ll see them in the blood
2) Excess waste products in blood suggests kidneys aren’t functioning properly

Question 5

Describe hemoglobin molecule

Answer 5

“Globin” is 2 alpha and 2 beta protein chains

“Heme” is porphyrin ring and iron

Question 6

Are RBCs and hemoglobin destroyed?

Answer 6

RBC destroyed: eaten by macrophages in spleen after 120 days

Porphyrin destroyed: degraded into bilirubin and excreted

“Globin” broken down and AAs re-used

Iron scavenged by macrophages and re-used

Question 7

What does increased bilirubin (seen clinically as jaundice) indicate?

Answer 7

Increased hemolysis (destruction of RBCs); see yellow plasma in hematocrit too

Or, liver problem preventing excretion into bile

Question 8

What do common myeloid stem cells give rise to?

Answer 8

Basophils

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

Monocytes

RBCs

Platelets

Question 9

What do common lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

Answer 9

Plasma cells

NK cells

T cells

Question 10

How does knowing circulation time of different cells help us?

Answer 10

Decreased levels of specific cells occur at different times depending on how often they’re replenished, and this can help us determine when a pathological process began

Neutrophils: 5-7 hours

Platelets: 10-12 days

RBCs: 120 days

Lymphocytes: months to years

Question 11

Neutrophil

Answer 11

Defends agains bacteria

Stains between pink and blue

Nucleus broken into 3 segments

PMN

Question 12

Lymphocyte

Answer 12

Defend against viruses and foreign cells

Make antibodies that attack bacteria

Large round nucleus

Question 13

Monocyte

Answer 13

Phagocytose organisms

Work best by entering tissues and differentiating into dendritic cells or macrophages that present antigens to T cells

Question 14

Eosinophil

Answer 14

Release histamine in allergic reactions

Defend against bacteria and parasites

Stain pink

Question 15

Basophil

Answer 15

Release histamine in allergic reactions

Present antigen to some T cells

Stain blue

Question 16

Which cells are granulocytes?

Answer 16

Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

Question 17

Erythrocyte (RBC) maturation

Answer 17

Cytoplasm (initially blue bc lots of RNA being made) surrounds large pink nucleus and nucleolus –> nucleus condenses, becomes pyknotic and gets extruded and mitochondria/other organelles degraded/extruded –> cytoplasm becomes more pink as hemoglobin made –> immature RBC called reticulocyte released into peripheral blood (<2% retic count) –> within 1-2 days, retic becomes mature RBC

Question 18

White blood cell maturation

Answer 18

Begin with large nucleus –> cytoplasm develops granules –> nucleus forms long “band” –> nucleus breaks up and becomes fully segmented, creating mature PMN (neutrophil)

Question 19

What is a “band cell”

Answer 19

Immature PMN (neutrophil)

Nucleus is not fully segmented and looks like a band

Question 20

Platelet maturation

Answer 20

Begin as megakaryocytes –> undergo DNA replication without cell division to cause multinuclear cells –> cytoplasm of megakaryocyte fragments into platelets

Question 21

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 21

Growth factor that promotes RBC differentiation and maturation

Made in kidney

Used in blood doping and to treat anemia

Question 22

G-CSF/GM-CSF

Answer 22

Growth factor that promotes granulocyte/monocyte differentiation and maturation

Used for people who need immune system boost

Made in bone marrow stroma

Question 23

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

Answer 23

Growth factor that promotes megakaryocyte differentiation

Not used to increase platelets because doesn’t help with megakaryocyte maturation

Made in many tissues

Question 24

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 24

Adult: bone marrow

6-24 week fetus: liver and spleen

Embryo: yolk sac mesothelium

Question 25

Where is the easiest place to get bone marrow from a patient and what does this tell you?

Answer 25

Iliac crest of the hip

Age 20 you have 20% fat and 80% cells

Question 26

What are different ways to get cytopenia (too few cells)?

Answer 26

Problem of production: stem cell problem (pancytopenia), committed precursor problem, bone marrow environment problem

Problem of destruction: bleeding (RBCs), infection (neutrophils), cell destruction by autoantibodies or mechanical devices (RBCs, platelets), excess blood clotting (platelets)

Question 27

What are different ways to get cytosis or cytophilia (too many cells)?

Answer 27

Secondary/physiological reason: infection (neutrophils), high altitude (RBCs)

Primary/uncontrolled production: mature cells continue to proliferate, neoplastic process in bone marrow (leukemia)