Blood

Question 1

Hematocrit and percentages of others

Answer 1

Volume of packed red blood cells
Men: 45%, Women 40%
Plasma: 55
Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets) 1%

Question 2

Composition of plasma (4)

Answer 2

92% water (optimal ph and osmolarity for homeostasis)

7% protein: Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

Question 3

Albumin
Made in
% in plasma

Answer 3

made in liver
>50%
maintains osmoticpressure, acts as carrier protein

Question 4

Globulins

Types

Answer 4

Immunoglobulins (Gamma) anti bodies from plasma
Nonimmune globulins (alpha, beta): produced in liver, maintain osmotic pressure, carrier proteins

Question 5

Fibrinogen
Solubility and transformation
purpose

Answer 5

Soluble
Transformed into insoluble fibrin
Blood clots

Question 6

Leukocytes subclassified into two groups based on

The two groups are

Answer 6

presence of specific granules
shape of nuclei
Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes
Mononuclear Agranulocytes

Question 7

Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes

Answer 7

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 8

Mononulcear Agranulocytes

Answer 8

Lymphocytes:
(B lymphocytes)
(T lymphocytes)
(Natural Killer Cells)
Monocytes

Question 9

Go Over slide 21

Go Over slide 22

Answer 9

…..

Question 10

Neutrophil function

function

Answer 10

first responders to infection
acute inflammation
accumulates as pus

Question 11

Eosinophils

function

Answer 11

Defense against parasites
Allergies, break down histamines
Chronic inflammation

Question 12

Neutrophil granule contents

Answer 12

Lysozyme (specific granules)

Peroxidases (azurophilic granules)

Question 13

Eosinophils

Granule contents

Answer 13

Peroxidase
Histaminase
arylsulfatase

Question 14

Basophil

Function

Answer 14

regulate immune response to parasites

role in allergies via vasoactive agents (histamines)

Question 15

Basophil

Granule contents

Answer 15

Histamine
Serotonin
heparin sulfate

Question 16

Thrombocytes
Produced by
function

Answer 16

Megakaryocytes

blood clot formation, repair tears in blood vessel wall

Question 17

Hematopoiesis stages

Answer 17

Yolk sac phase: 3rd week, first hematopoietic stem cells
Hepatic phase: liver takes over
Bone marrow phase:
After birth: red bone marrow

Question 18

Monophyletic Theory

Answer 18

all blood cells are derived from common pluripotential stem cell: Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) (capable of differentiation and self renewal) (start looking at notes)

Question 19

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent

Answer 19

Anything
Everything except extraembryonic
Many different cell types

Question 20

Two types of progenitor cells

Answer 20

Common myeloid progenitor

Common lymph progenitor

Question 21

Common myeloid progenitor splits into

Answer 21

Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte

Granulocyte/monocyte

Question 22

Common lymph progenitor splits into

Answer 22

T cells
B cells
Natural Killer cells

Question 23

Progenitor cells develop into

Answer 23

Precurso cells / Blasts

with large amount of mitosis

Question 24

Slide 31

Answer 24

….

Question 25

Proerythroblast Size Nucleus Cytoplasm

Answer 25

Large Cell (12-12 micro) Large, spherical nucleus w/ 1 or 2 nucleoli Mild basophilic cytoplasm (free ribosomes)

Question 26

Basophilic Erythroblast Nucleus size, color Cytoplasm Produce what

Answer 26

Nucleus 10-16 micro, progressively heterochromatic | Strong basophilic cytoplasm (large numbers of free ribosomes-->hemoglobin)

Question 27

Polychromatiophilic erythroblast Nucleus size, looks Cytoplasm

Answer 27

Smaller nucleus w/ coarse heterochromatin granules-->CHECKERBOARD pattern Cytoplasm both acidophilic (hemoglobin) and basophilic (ribosomes) giving gray/lilac color

Question 28

``` Orthochromatic erythroblast Also known as Nucleus Cytoplasm Whats special ```

Answer 28

Normoblast Small, compact, densely stained nucleus Eosinophilic cytoplasm (lots of hemoglobin) No longer capable of cell division

Question 29

``` Polychromatic erythrocyte Also known as Nucleus Cytoplasm Found where ```

Answer 29

Reticulocyte No nucleus slight basophilia from few polyribosomes Found in bloodstream

Question 30

Slide 38

Answer 30

....

Question 31

Leukopoiesis Types | 3) (1) (3

Answer 31

``` Granulopoiesis (Eosinophils) (Basophils) (Neutrophils) Monocytopoiesis (monocytes) Lymphopoiesis (B-cells) (T-Cells) (NK cells) ```

Question 32

Granulopoiesis order

Answer 32

``` Hematopoietic Stem cell Common myeloid progenitor Granulocyte/monocyte progenitor Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyeloctye (band cell) For neutrophils Mature cells ```

Question 33

Thrombocytes (thrombopoiesis) order

Answer 33

``` Hematopoietic Stem cell Common myeloid progenitor Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte progenitor Megakaryocyte progenitor Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Thrombocyte (platelets) ```

Question 34

``` Megakaryocyte Size nucleus granules additional ```

Answer 34

very large (50-70 micro) Complex, multilobed nucleus Scattered azurophilic granules polyploid cells

Question 35

Megakaryoblast size nucleus path

Answer 35

Large (30 micro) nonlobed undergoes successive endomitoses-->megakaryocyte

Question 36

Megakaryocytes located near ______ within ______ send off cytoplasmic extension that break off as _______

Answer 36

located near sinusoids within bone marrow send cytoplasmic extension that break off as platelets

Question 37

Bone marrow consists of (2)

Answer 37

sinusoids and hematopoietic cords

Question 38

Hematopietic cords Include location

Answer 38

``` developing blood cells megakaryocytes macrophages mast cells adipocytes develop in clusters/nests near sinusoids ```

Question 39

Adventitial cells (reticular cells)

Answer 39

Send sheet like extensions into hematopoietic cords-->provide support for developing blood cells stimulate differentiation of progenitor cells

Question 40

Bone marrow cellularity

Answer 40

ratio of hematopoietic cells to adipocytes | 100-age +- 10%