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Skin Care Part 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the blood?

A
  1. Transportation
    - carries oxygen and nutrients to all cells of the body
    - carries away carbon dioxide and waste products to be eliminated through the lungs, skin, kidneys and large intestine
  2. Heat regulation
    - helps to equalize body temperature, thus protecting the body from extreme heat and cold
  3. Protection
    - aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria and infections through the action of white blood cells
    - forms clot, closing injured blood vessels and preventing blood loss
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2
Q

Blood facts

A

Hematology - study of blood

Human body consists of 8-10 pints of blood

98.6 degrees F / 37 degrees C

Dark red (purple/ bluish blood) is in the veins (deoxygenated)

bright red is oxygenated

Blood is derived from the digestive chyle

The skin hold about 1/2 to 2/3 of the blood in the body

Blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of 2/3 plasma and 1/3 solid blood cells

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3
Q

Plasma - fluid

A

Formed from digested food and water

Consists of: protein, salt, minerals and 9/10 is water

helps transport wastes

Straw- coloured

Red and white blood cells and blood platelets flow in plasma

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4
Q

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A

The red colouring is from a protein called haemoglobin which has the capacity to carry oxygen and is vital in circulation

Red blood cells carry oxygen to all the cells and transport carbon dioxide to the lungs

They are made in red bone marrow

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5
Q

White blood cells (Leukocytes)

A

Colourless and larger in size

Produced in yellow marrow of long bones, spleen; and lymph glands

Protects the body against diseases by fighting harmful bacteria and their poisons in the blood stream

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6
Q

Blood platelets (Thrombocytes)

A

Much smaller than red blood cells

have irregular bodies

formed in the bone marrow

Main task is clotting of the blood

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7
Q

Circulatory system

Aka: cardiovascular system or vascular system

A

Has two divisions;

  1. Blood vascular system: it is comprised of the heart and blood vessels for the circulation of blood through the arteries, capillaries and veins.
  2. Lymphatic system: consisting of lymph gland vessels that circulate lymph
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8
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Major function is transportation

Using the blood the system Carrie’s oxygen, nutrients, cell waste, hormones and many other substances

Vital for homeostasis

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9
Q

The heart

A

Rests on the diaphragm *

Size of a persons fist, hollow, cone shaped, heart weighs less than a pound

About two third of the mass of the heart lies to the left of the body midline

The sternum helps protect the heart

Pure oxygenated blood goes away from the heart to the body and deoxygenated blood goes towards the heart

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10
Q

Pericardium

A

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

The heart is enclosed by a triple layered sack the sack rests on and is attached to the diaphragm

The pericardium is filled with serous fluid - ( fluid with lymph and electrolyte) this fluid allows the heart to beat easily in a relatively frictionless environment

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11
Q

Cardiac muscle fibres

A

Shorter and more tightly connected

Enables the contraction of one fiber to stimulate the others to contract synchronously

All cardiac muscle fibres have a built in contraction rhythm, and the fibres with the highest rhythm determine the heartbeat or heart rate.

Typical discharge rate (heart rate)
70-80 beats per minute

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12
Q

How many layers of the heart wall are there? What are they?

A

The heart consists of 3 layers

Epicardium - external layer
Is both part of the pericardium and part of the heart wall

Myocardium - middle layer, makes up 95% of the heart and responsible for pumping action of the heart and pumping blood- made of cardiac muscle tissue

Endocardium - inner layer
A thin layer of endothelium Overlaying a thin layer of connective tissue

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13
Q

Body of the heart

A

Consists of 4 chambers
Two upper: Atria (receiving chambers)
Two lower: ventricles (discharging chambers)

4 valves total

2 valves in the chambers keeps blood flowing in one direction
* know for test*

  1. TRICUSPID VALVE:
    - between the right atrium and right ventricle
    (3 cusps)
  2. BICUSPID (mitral) VALVE:
    between left atrium and left ventricle
    (2 cusps)

2 other valves: pulmonary semilunar valve & Aortic semilunar valve
These guard the bases of two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers

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14
Q

What is the flow of blood?

A

Blood enters the right atrium of the heart through two large veins Inferior and Superior vena cava & coronary sinus

It is then pumped into the right ventricle

then pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

Blood then becomes oxygenated blood

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15
Q

What divides the heart longitudinally?

A

The septum

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16
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Although the heart chambers are bathed with the blood almost continuously, the blood contained in the heart does not nourish the myocardium

The blood supply that oxygenates and nourishes the heart is provided by the right and left coronary arteries and drained by the cardiac veins

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17
Q

Systole

A

Refers to a phase of contraction

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18
Q

Diastole

A

Refers to a phase of relaxation

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19
Q

What is the right side of the heart referred to as?

A

Pulmonary pump

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20
Q

What is the left side of the heart referred to as?

A

Systemic pump

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21
Q

Pulmonary circulation explained

A

Blood is pumped by the heart to the lungs where it is purified and then pumped back to the heart.

With each respiratory cycle an exchange of gases takes place.

During inhalation, oxygen is absorbed into the blood. During exhalation carbon dioxide is expelled.

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22
Q

Pulmonary circulation pathway

A

Inferior/ superior vena cava

Right atrium

Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle

Pulmonary valve

Pulmonary artery

Lungs

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23
Q

General/ Systemic circulation

A

Lungs

Pulmonary vein

Left atrium

Bicuspid valve

Left ventricle

Aortic valve

Aorta

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24
Q

What does the blood travel through in order to move throughout the body and back to the heart?

A

Arteries, capillaries and veins

25
Q

Arteries

A

“Conducting arteries”
Conduct blood from the heart to medium sized muscular arteries

The structure of arteries: elasticity and contractibility

Oxygenated blood in the arteries is red

Arteries are thick walled, muscular and elastic vessels that carry blood from the heart to arterioles

arterioles: small microscopic arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries

They play an important role in regulating blood flow from arteries to capillaries

26
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that usually connect arterioles and venules

These are tiny blood vessels which branch off the arterioles 

They are one celled epithelial tissue which services all tissues of the body

The exchange of nutrients, chemicals oxygen, and waste products are found at the union of capillaries that lead to the venules

This exchange is called l: ANASTOMOSIS

27
Q

The venous system

A

The Venous system is a complex network of veins and venules
(tiny veins through which blood returns to the heart and lungs for recharge of oxygen)

When several capillaries unite to a small vein it is called a venule

Venule collect deoxygenated blood containing waste products from the capillaries and drain into veins

28
Q

Vein

A

A vessel that transports deoxygenated blood away from the tissue and organs and back towards the heart

Walls are thinner but larger in diameter in comparison to arteries

Are not elastic

Veins contain valves controlling blood flow

Veins are closer to the outer skin surface of the body than arteries

29
Q

The inferior vena cava (vein)

A

vein draining the blood from the lower portion of the body

30
Q

The superior vena cava

A

Vein which drains blood from the upper portion of the body

31
Q

Lymphatic system is made up of

A

Lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels

32
Q

What do the lymphatic and immune system have in common?

A

They protect the body from disease by developing immunity‘s and destroying disease causing microorganisms and to drain tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluid

It carries waste and impurities away from their cells

33
Q

How is the Lymphatic system connected to the blood and cardiovascular system?

A

They both transport fluids

the difference is that lymphatic system transports lymph and the blood system transports blood

34
Q

Lymph capillaries are distributed throughout most of the body except where?

A

The nervous system

35
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Are tubes that are closed at one end

Can occur individually or in clusters that are called lymph capillaries

36
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

The primary function is to produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes which provide defence against infection and other environmental hazards

Drains excess interstial fluid

Transports lipids and lipid soluble vitamins absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract to the blood

Lymphatic tissue carries out immune responses

Maintains blood volume by returning the interstitial fluid seeping out of the capillary walls back to the circulatory system

Carry nourishment from blood to cells

Removes waste from blood and cells

Suitable fluid environment for cells

To aid in reducing swelling, inflammation and accumulations in the blood vessels

37
Q

When people experience fluid retention this is also referred to as:

And explain further

A

Interstitial fluid

Most common in the feet and ankles

The lymphatic system functions to return this fluid to the circulatory system

38
Q

Explain how the lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid to the circulatory system

A

Lymphatic channels collect the fluid and they flow through lymph ducts to eventually return to the circulatory system at the superior aspect of the chest

39
Q

All massage manipulations should be directed towards

A

The chest

This is so fluid is encouraged to move back into the circulatory system

40
Q

The lymphatic system also functions as

A

A defence against infection

41
Q

Where are major lymph nodes located?

A

Major lymph nodes are located at the base of the neck, axillae (armpits), groin and abdomen where they filter lymph from the head, arms, legs and intestinal track

42
Q

What are produced in the lymphatic system to Fight infection?

A

Antibodies

43
Q

What are the major organs of the lymphatic system?

A

Major organs of the lymphatic system include lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils, and bone marrow

44
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Lymph flows through a node in one direction

The lymph node functions like a filter purifying lymph before it reaches the venous blood circulation

At least 99% of the antigens in the lymph are removed

It provides an early warning system 

45
Q

Thymus

A

The thymus gland is the main organ of the lymphatic system

Its primary function is to promote the development of T lymphocytes (cells of the immune system) 

Once mature, the cells leave the thymus and are transported via blood vessels to the lymph nodes and spleen

T lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity - which involves the activation of certain immune cells to fight infection

The thymus also produces hormones that promote growth and maturation



46
Q

Spleen

A

largest organ of the lymphatic system

primary function is to filter blood of damage cells, cellular debris, and pathogens

aids in the maturation of lymphocytes

The spleen is rich in blood supplied through the splenic artery

The spleen also contains efferent lymphatic vessels which transport lymph away from the spleen and towards the lymph nodes

47
Q

Bone marrow

A

Bone marrow is the soft, flexible tissue found inside the bone

Bone marrow is responsible for the production of blood cells; red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Bone marrow stem cells play in important role in immunity as they generate lymphocytes

48
Q

Tonsils

A

Oval shaped pink tissue at the back of the throat

You have two tonsils one on each side

Tonsils help to fight infection by reacting to germs that enter the nose and mouth

Infected tonsils become inflamed and swollen tonsilitis is more common in children

49
Q

Arthrosclerosis

A

This is a type of hardening of the arteries resulting from fibro fatty lesions in the arteries

Aggravated by smoking, high blood pressure and diabetes

This can result in blood clots which can damage organs and possibly heart attacks

50
Q

Varicose veins

A

Most commonly seen in the legs

The valves which control blood flow become weak and ceise to function

Veins become dilated and blood pools in the vein sometimes leading to seepage of fluid into surrounding tissues

Seen in 10 to 20% of all adults

Main causes: heredity, obesity, pregnancy and work which caused people to be on their feet constantly

No Massage should be performed over varicose veins

51
Q

Aneurysm

A

An aneurism is a localized dilation of the blood vessel and can occur in arteries and veins.

The aneurism can rupture and cause an interruption in blood flow which can lead to a stroke

52
Q

Venous thrombosis

Thrombophlebitis

A

The presence of a thrombus (clot) in a vein and the inflammatory response in the wall of a vein

This is most common in the calf of a leg

Pain and tenderness is common in the area

If the vein is deep in the leg there may be no obvious symptoms

The danger of a thrombus is that any massage in the area may free the clot and turn into an embolus which will move through the veins and into an artery possibly causing a heart attack or stroke

NO massage of any kind

53
Q

Hypertension high blood pressure

A

High blood pressure is the most common of all health problems in adults

Hypertension means the pressure of blood against the walls of the arteries is higher than normal

Uncontrolled high blood pressure may lead to hardening of the arteries and kidney disease

Causes: heredity, high sodium intake, obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol, stress and oral contraceptive drugs (in women who are predisposed

 High blood pressure can be controlled with medication

No heat packs should be applied to the trunk of the body clients with high blood pressure

should not be allowed to take saunas, whirl pools or steam cabinets

54
Q

Hypotension (low blood pressure)

A

Hypotension is an abnormal drop in blood pressure when a person gets up from lying down to a standing position.

Dizziness or fainting may occur

If a client has low blood pressure they should get up very slowly and be supported while rising

55
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain associated with deficiency of blood going to the heart

This is usually caused by blockages of the arteries to the heart and may be brought on by exertion or stress

It is often mistaken for indigestion

56
Q

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A

The heart is completely deprived of blood

 Onset is usually sudden with severe pain which may radiate down the left arm and possibly into the jaw 

Women often suffer a typical symptoms including nausea and vomiting or shortness of breath and may not experience chest pain

With no blood supply areas of the cardiac muscle die and there’s damage to the heart muscle and the person may not survive the attack if treatment is not received promptly

57
Q

Cardiovascular accident (Stroke)

A

A stroke is an acute, local neurological deficit from an interruption of blood flow in a blood vessel in the brain

This causes brain cells to die

The outcome depends on the number of brain cells that die and where they are located

Damage to the left side of the brain will cause deficits to the right side of the body

May be fatal

Damage to specific brain cells will cause specific physical and mental deficiencies

The person may have paralysis or weakness in the arms and legs they may have difficulty being able to speak

58
Q

Phlebitis

A

Is an inflammation of the veins caused by infection or injury, and is the most common also increase the chances of clock formation and result in pulmonary embolism

Skin Care Part 2 (11 decks)

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