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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

list the functions of blood

A

Delivers oxygen, nutrients, etc.
Transports metabolic wastes away (CO2, ammonia, etc.)
Maintains body temperature
Maintains body pH (Bicarbonate system)
Maintains fluid volume through exchange (electrolytes)
Prevent blood loss with clotting
Prevents infection (Antibodies, complement proteins, WBC, etc.)

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2
Q

formed elements of blood

A

were originally living cells, not necessarily still living

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3
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBC
no longer living
carry respiratory gases (mainly O2)

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4
Q

leukocytes

A

WBC
immunity
living cells

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5
Q

platelets

A

little cellular fragments

contain vesicles containing proteins used in clotting

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6
Q

plasma

A

liquid component

water, proteins, nitrogenous substances

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7
Q

proteins in plasma

A

albumin globulins, clotting proteins, etc.
Create special amount of osmotic pressure
Colloid osmotic pressure
High concentration in blood, too big to leave

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8
Q

hematocrit

A 
procedure done, finger prick then centrifuged and separated based on mass
RBC dense (bottom)
Buff layer (leukocytes and platelets)
Plasma
The length of RBC + entire sample / sample = amount of RBC
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9
Q

Structure and function of RBC

A 
Small
Biconcave
Anucleate
No cell organelles (no DNA)
Contain hemoglobin
Contain antioxidant enzymes
Eliminate free radicals (leakage of charged O2 particles (toxic))
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10
Q

hemoglobin

A

pigment that gives blood its color

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11
Q

erythropoiesis

A

RBC production
Subtype of hematopoiesis
All blood cells produced in red bone marrow

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12
Q

erythropoiesis process

A

Hemocytoblast produces myeloid stem cell
Hemoblasts pluripotent
Myeloid stem cell becomes proerythroblast
Proerythroblast is the committed cell!
Proerythroblast becomes early erythroblast
Early erythroblast becomes late erythroblast
Late erythroblast becomes normoblast
Normoblast loses organelles and nucleus to become reticulocyte
Accumulate hemoglobin
Reticulocyte immature RBC
Reticulocytes mature in bloodstream to become erythrocytes

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13
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone produced by kidneys; monitor O2 concentration, stimulated by low O2 to produce more RBC

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14
Q

testosterone role in erythropoiesis regulation

A

stimulates kidneys to release erythropoeitin

Men have higher RBC count

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15
Q

role of iron in erythropoiesis regulation

A

from diet, needed to produce functioning RBC
Stored in cells as ferritin and hemosiderin
Transported in blood as transferrin

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16
Q

B vitamins role in erythropoiesis regulation

A

linked to intrinsic factor to make RBC

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17
Q

dietary nutrients role in erythropoiesis regulation

A

carbs, AA, etc. to make cellular components

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18
Q

erythrocyte longevity

A

100-120 days
Old erythrocytes destroyed by macrophages
Old erythrocytes recycled primarily in the spleen
Spleen rich in macrophages
Heme split from globin
Iron bound to proteins and stored
Bilirubin produced
Picked up by liver and secreted as bile into intestine
Pigment degraded and expelled in feces
Globin breakdown to AA

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19
Q

anemias

A

not enough RBC or something wrong with RBC so it cant carry O2

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20
Q

polycythemia

A

too many RBC, cant deliver O2 well because blood is so thick, cannot travel efficiently

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21
Q

chemical makeup of hemoglobin

A

Complex protein, 4 subunits
2 types of subunits: alpha and beta subunits
Globin protein bound to heme pigment

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22
Q

globin

A

4 polypeptide chains, 2 alpha subunits, and 2 beta

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23
Q

heme

A

contains oxygen-binding iron, each heme can bind to four O2

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24
Q

oxyhemoglobin vs. deoxyhemoglobin

A

Can shift between the two
Sigmoidal curve
Shows hemoglobin LOVES O2
When it starts it wants more and doesn’t like to give it up
Saturate quickly and loves to stay saturated

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25
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

carry CO2, binds to the amino acids on the protein

26
Q

diapedesis

A

ability of cell to leave circulation and go into interstitial space
RBC cant
Some WBC can

27
Q

structural characteristics of leukocytes

A

Complete cells with nuclei and organelles
Living; can reproduce in some cases
Display positive chemotaxis
Positive (more forward)
Ability to move toward certain chemical stimuli

28
Q

types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

29
Q

neutrophils

A

60-70% of WBC, phagocytic function during inflammation

30
Q

eosinophils

A

around 20%, two lobe nucleus, granules carry enzymes to fight parasitic worms

31
Q

basophils

A

.5-1% granules contain histamine, vasodialator, attract WBC

32
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

33
Q

lymphocytes

A

in the lymphatic system, active when foreign tissue present
Two types
B= produce antibodies
T= attract own abnormal/infected

34
Q

monocytes

A

largest, u shaped nucleus (3-8%), phagocytic cell outside circulation

35
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of WBC

36
Q

Infectious mononucleosis

A

increase in number of agranulocytes from virus (mono)

37
Q

leukopenia

A

not enough WBC

38
Q

leucopoiesis

A

Hemocytoblasts give rise to myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

39
Q

granulocyte leukopoiesis process

A

Myeloid stem cells become myeloblasts
Myeloblasts committed to granulocytes
Myelobasts accumulate lysosomes to become promyelocytes
Promyelocytes differentiate into myelocytes
Cell division stops and nuclei arch to form band cells
Nuclei constrict and segment to become mature granulocytes

40
Q

Agranulocyte Leukopoiesis

A

Myeloid stem cells become monoblasts
Monoblasts become promonocytes
Promonocytes leave bone marrow and become monocytes in lymph tissue
Lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts
Lymphoblasts become prolymphocytes
Prolymphocytes leave bone marrow and become lymphocytes in lymph tissue

41
Q

Regulation of Leukopoiesis

A

interleukins and colony-stimulating factor

42
Q

interleukins

A

infected cells from virus release these

43
Q

Colony-stimulating factor

A

major regulator of WBC

44
Q

platelets

A

Anucleated cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes

Granules contain clotting chemicals

45
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Hemocytoblasts give rise to myeloid stem cells
Myeloid stem cells become megakaryoblasts
Megakaryoblast is committed cell
Megakaryoblasts undergo repeated mitosis but no cytokinesis to form megakaryocytes
Cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocytes break off to be platelets
* regulated by thrombopoietin*

46
Q

hemostasis

A

cessation of bleeding

47
Q

process of hemostasis

A 
1 Vascular spasm
     Blood vessels constrict
2 Platelet plug formation
     Accumulate at the site of damage
3 coagulation
     “Gel up”
      Activation of protein fiber
48
Q

process of platelet plug formation

A

Damage to blood vessels exposes underlying collagen fibers in CT
Also releases von Willebrand factor and thromboxane A2
Willebrand factor is a plasma protein
Thromboxane A2 is a prostaglandin
Creates an environment for platelets to stick
Causes platelets to collect and adhere at the site of damage
Platelets won’t stick to ET
Once attached, thrombin activates platelets to breakdown and release chemical contents
Clotting factors

49
Q

Intrinsic Pathway to Coagulation

A

Through platelets themselves

Series of reactions in which clotting factors converted to active forms (13 proteins)
Ultimately aggregated platelets release PF3
PF3 activates other intermediates leading to activation of factor x (10)
Activated factor x complexes with calcium, PF3, and factor V to form prothrombin activator
Prothrombin activator catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin catalyzes the polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin
Thrombin also activates factor xiii (13) which links fibrin strands together

50
Q

Extrinsic Pathway to Coagulation

A

From damaged cells
Chemical to go faster

Injured cells release tissue factor
Tissue factor interacts with PF3 to allow shortcut to factor X activation

51
Q

factors limiting clot formation

A

Intact endothelial cells secrete PGI2 (prostacyclin) and heparin
PGI2= prostaglandin secreted by intact endothelial cells
heparin= anticoagulant
Vitamin E quinone
Prevents coagulation

52
Q

clot retraction

A

Platelets contain contractile proteins
Cause platelets to contract and squeeze out serum to compact clot
Draws ruptured edges of vessel closer together
PDGF stimulates vessel repair
Platelet-derived growth factor
Regeneration

53
Q

fibrinolysis

A

Clot accumulates plasminogen
Plasminogen is activated to plasmin
Plasmin digests fibrin

54
Q

clot limiting factors

A

Clotting factors carried away from site by circulating blood
Antithrombin 3 inactivates thrombin
Protein c inhibits intrinsic pathway events
Heparin enhances activity of antithrombin 3 and inhibits intrinsic pathway events

55
Q

Thromboembolic disorders

A

clot too much

thrombus, embolism

56
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot retained at the sight of the damage

Too big, block circulation

57
Q

embolism

A

detached blood clot all at once

Stuck and cause blockage

58
Q

bleeding disorders

A

dont clot enough

thrombocytopenia and hemophilia

59
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

stop producing platelets

Insufficient platelets due to pathology

60
Q

hemophilia

A

genetic disease

Missing gene for clot factors

61
Q

ABO and Rh blood groups

A

Determined by the presence of agglutinogens (markers)
Specifically ABO and Rh (D)
Directs production of agglutinins (attackers for what you don’t have)

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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