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Drew 924 > Block3 Lecture5 > Flashcards

Block3 Lecture5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anatomical components of the nose?

A

1) nasal vestibule, 2) atrium, 3) turbinates, 4) olfactory region, 5) nasopharynx

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2
Q

What cell types are present in the nasopharynx?

A

squamous

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3
Q

What cell types are present in the nasal vestibule?

A

highly keratinized cells with hairs

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4
Q

What is the surface area of the turbinates?

A

150 cm2

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5
Q

What particle sizes do the turbinates filter?

A

2 - 10 microns

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6
Q

What are the 3 turbinates?

A

superior, middle, inferior

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7
Q

What is the function of the turbinates?

A

humidify air and remove particles

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8
Q

What factors of the turbinates optimize absorption?

A

good blood supply, good surface area

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9
Q

What is the volume of nasal secretions per day?

A

15 mL

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10
Q

What rhythm do nasal secretions exhibit?

A

diurnal (5x lower at night)

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11
Q

what is the pH of the nose?

A

5.5 - 6.5; infant is 5-7

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12
Q

Describe the content of nasal secretions.

A

0.9 H2O, 0.02 mucin, 0.01 protein, salts and lipids

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13
Q

What proteins are present in nasal secretions?

A

protease, IgG, lysozyme

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14
Q

What causes increased mucous turnover?

A

parasympathetic stimulation

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15
Q

What causes decreased mucous turnover?

A

alpha-adrenergic agonists

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16
Q

Where are cilia dense?

A

the turbinates

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17
Q

What is the turnover time for mucous?

A

20-30 minutes, faster in rhinitis

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18
Q

What factors increase cilia beat frequency?

A

surfactants, drugs

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19
Q

What factors decrease ciliary beat frequency?

A

1) temp less than 24 C, 2) increased viscosity, 3) ATP depletion

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20
Q

What drug molecules are most likely to use the transcellular pathway?

A

MW = 300-1000 and lipid soluble

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21
Q

What drug molecules are most likely to use the paracellular pathway?

A

MW less than 300

22
Q

What are the desired drug characteristics for delivery to the nasal cavity?

A

1) rapid action, 2) highly potent, 3) MW < 1000, 4) nonirritating, 5) need to avoid first-pass

23
Q

What are the advantages of vapors?

A

1) no concern about volume administered, 2) easy handling

24
Q

What are the examples of aerosol delivery systems for the nasal cavity?

A

1) conventional pumps, 2) metered pumps, 3) propellant-driven metered spray, 4) insufflations

25
Q

How are bulk solutions administered?

A

via droppers, 0.5 - 1 mL directly to nose

26
Q

How is the nozzle of conventional pumps designed?

A

to direct particles toward turbinates and away from vestibule

27
Q

What is the volume of the metering chamber for nasal delivery metered pumps?

A

0.05 - 2 mL

28
Q

What aspect of metered pumps give better direction toward the turbinates?

A

elongated nose

29
Q

What are the advantages of insufflations?

A

better stability and no preservatives

30
Q

What anatomical features of the nasal cavity contain cilia?

A

atrium & turbinates

31
Q

What nerve provides the sense of smell?

A

trigeminal

32
Q

In what region of the nasal cavity is the trigeminal nerve giving access to the CNS?

A

olfactory

33
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

secretion drain to the GI

34
Q

Why is the nasal vestibule not a target for drug delivery?

A

not permeable

35
Q

Why is the atrium not a target for drug delivery?

A

low SA

36
Q

What structures produce nasal secretions?

A

goblet cells, submucosal glands, plasma exudate

37
Q

What is the function of mucin?

A

trapping and removing particles, preventing excess H2O, protease enzymes

38
Q

What is the function of membrane-acting permeation enhancers?

A

to decrease tight junction efficacy and decrease membrane viscosity

39
Q

function of vaporizers

A

increase humidity by boiling water, also contain spot for medication cup

40
Q

function of humidifiers

A

add humidity to air without heat

41
Q

what produces droplets in a conventional pump?

A

shearing of the liquid stream

42
Q

For what nasal delivery methods are patient factors important for determining droplet size?

A

conventional, metered pumps

43
Q

How does chitosan differ from chitin?

A

chitosan contains amines instead of N-acetyls for adherance to membranes

44
Q

What is ViaNaseID?

A

a cross between a nebulizer and nasal spray that can identify drug, dose, and expiration date

45
Q

What are the disadvantages to propellant-driven metered nasal sprays?

A

irritating to mucosa

46
Q

What are the advantages to propellant-driven metered sprays?

A

good reproducibility, high droplet velocity gives good deposition

47
Q

What is a nasal insufflation?

A

a dry powder applied directly like a DPI

48
Q

Why is deposition on the anterior turbinate bad?

A

moves to GI quickly

49
Q

How should droppers for nasal bulk solutions be cleaned?

A

with warm water

50
Q

When are bulk solutions advantageous?

A

for young patients or patients with poor hand strength; when irritant is not desired

Drew 924 (16 decks)

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