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Drew 924 > 4_4TopTransderm3 > Flashcards

4_4TopTransderm3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages to transdermal patches?

A

1) well-documented release rate and amount, 2) long-term admin, 3) more practical and better control of dose/rate than ointment

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2
Q

What are the disadvantages of transdermal patches?

A

very expensive compared to ointment

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3
Q

What are the components of a patch?

A

1) drug reservoir, 2) rate-controlling membrane, 3) means of attachment

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of drugs employed in transdermal patches?

A

1) potency (most of drug isn’t released), 2) good permeability

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5
Q

What is the max surface area for a patch?

A

50 cm2

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6
Q

What are the concerns over transdermal patches?

A

1) poisonings, 2) abuse

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7
Q

How should a patch be disposed?

A

folded in half and disposed away from kids/pets

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8
Q

How are patches classified?

A

by release mechanism

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9
Q

What are the types of transdermal patches?

A

1) polymer membrane permeation controlled, 2) polymer matrix diffusion controlled, 3) drug reservoir gradient controlled, 4) micro-reservoir dissolution controlled

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10
Q

What is the RLS in polymer membrane permeation (PMP) controlled patches?

A

drug diffusion from polymer membrane

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11
Q

What is the most common polymer employed in RCMs?

A

ethylene vinyl acetate

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12
Q

What are the components of a PMP-controlled patch?

A

1) RCM (polymer), 2) adhesive layer spanning entire area, 3) drug reservoir

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13
Q

What are the components of a PMD-controlled patch?

A

1) drug/polymer matrix reservoir (no RCM); 2) adhesive RIM 3) occlusive baseplate, absorbent pad, impermeable plastic backing

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14
Q

What is the RLS in a PMD-controlled patch?

A

diffusion out of drug/polymer matrix reservoir (no RCM)

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15
Q

According to what do PMD-controlled patches release the drug?

A

square root of time

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16
Q

When are kinetics able to me estimated in a PMD-controlled patch?

A

only when loading concentration&raquo_space; solubility in polymer

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17
Q

What is the RLS in a DRG-controlled patch?

A

diffusion out of polymer mixture

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18
Q

What are the components of a DRG-controlled patch?

A

1) drug/polymer reservoir gradients, 2) impermeable laminate backing

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19
Q

What are the components of a MRD-controlled patch?

A

1) adhesive RIM, 2) adhesive foam pad against occlusive baseplate, 3) polymer matrix reservoir of individual microscopic drug reservoirs

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20
Q

What is the RLS in an MRD patch?

A

diffusion of particles, dissolution of drug, or both

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21
Q

Future research in transdermal deliver focuses on what 3 classes?

A

1) hydrophilic drugs, 2) proteins and macromolecules, 3) vaccines and the immune response of the skin

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22
Q

What patch system is susceptible to an intial burst?

A

PMP-controlled (adhesive has drug incorporated to saturate drug-binding sites in skin)

23
Q

What technologies are future methods of transdermal drug delivery?

A

1) low-pain microneedles, 2) iontophoresis, 3) ultrasound/sonophoresis/phonophoresis, 4) heat-induced permeation

24
Q

Define iontophoresis

A

the facilitated transport of compounds across the skin using applied electrical field

25
Q

Define electrophoresis.

A

delivery of charged compounds across the skin using a low-voltage gradient

26
Q

Define electroosmosis

A

electric field creates H2O-flow to transport hydrophilic/charged compound

27
Q

What is another term for electroosmosis?

A

convection

28
Q

What is electroporation?

A

transient high-voltage pulses that cause rapid permeation/poration of SC

29
Q

What is electroincorporation?

A

type of electroporation that transports liposomes through pores

30
Q

Describe the setup of iontophoresis.

A

2 electrodes connected to a power supply

31
Q

What are advantages to iontophoresis?

A

1) control of drug input with rate of current

32
Q

What are the disadvantages to iontophoresis?

A

1) expensive, 2) drug degradation, 3) skin metabolism, 4) local irritation

33
Q

How does electroporation work?

A

current pokes pores in lipid rafts to cause channels of lower viscosity and 10-1000-fold increase in Pe

34
Q

How long is electroporation effective

A

minutes-hours. Reversible pathway closes

35
Q

What is phonophoresis?

A

ultrasound-enhanced drug delivery across the skin

36
Q

What is the frequency of sound waves in high-frequency phonophoresis?

A

1-16 MEGAHz

37
Q

What is the frequency of sound waves in low-frequency phonophoresis?

A

20-100 KILOHz

38
Q

Which phonophoresis method is best for drug delivery and why?

A

low-frequency: produces larger, more frequent cavitation bubbles

39
Q

What is the advantage to phonophoresis?

A

large drug doses at rapid rates with reduced lag time

40
Q

What are other uses for high-frequency phonophoresis?

A

topical PT - hydrocortisone for arthritis

41
Q

By what factor does phonophoresis improve permeation?

A

1000x

42
Q

How long are microneedles?

A

100 um

43
Q

What are solid microneedles

A

needles that permeabilize the skin followed by patch application

44
Q

What are coated microneedles

A

solid drug (vaccines) on needles

45
Q

What are dissolving microneedles

A

needles dissolve to release drug solution

46
Q

What are hollow microneedles?

A

needle tip delivers drug solution

47
Q

What does CHADD stand for?

A

controlled heat-assisted drug delivery

48
Q

How is heat produced in CHADD?

A

chemical reaction

49
Q

How does heat affect drug delivery in CHADD

A

permeabilizes SC, enhances blood flow; also increases drug degradation

50
Q

by how much does a 10 degree temp increase increase drug degradation?

A

2 times

51
Q

How long does the CHADD heat reaction last?

A

20 min - 2 hours

52
Q

What is one use of CHADD emphasized?

A

Synera (tetracaine + lidocaine) for peds before needle procedures

53
Q

What is an example of an Ultrasound drug system?

A

Prelude/Symphony non-invasive glucose monitoring system

54
Q

How does Prelude work?

A

1) extracts interstitial fluid from SC - no needles so decreased infection and increased compliance

Drew 924 (16 decks)

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