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BM213: Introduction to Pharmacology > Block D Lecture 1: CNS Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Block D Lecture 1: CNS Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the CNS?

A

Keep the body in homeostasis
Perception (sight, taste, smell, hearing)
Movement and co-ordination
Intellect and emotions
(Lecture 1, Slide 2)

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2
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS) composed of?

A

The brain and spinal cord
(Lecture 1, Slide 5)

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3
Q

What are the 3 cellular components of the CNS?

A

Neurons
Glia
Blood supply
(Lecture 1, Slide 5)

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4
Q

In the PNS (peripheral nervous system), clusters of neurons are called ganglions (ganglia plural). What are they called in the CNS?

A

Nucleus (plural nuclei)
(Lecture 1, Slide 6)

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5
Q

What are glial cells?

A

They are cells in the CNS which help support and maintain neurons
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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6
Q

What are 4 types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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7
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

They connect with neurons and blood vessels
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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8
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

They line ventricles and the spinal canal and their cilia aid CSF flow
(Lecture 1, Slides 7 and 30)

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9
Q

What do microglia do?

A

They are resident immune cells and they clear cellular debris, pathogens and damaged cells
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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10
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

They are responsible for producing and maintaining the myelin sheath
(Lecture 1, Slide 7)

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11
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

It is a layer wrapped round the axon of a neuron
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)

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12
Q

What 2 things does the myelin sheath provide?

A

Electrical insulation and it ups the speed of action potential conduction
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)

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13
Q

What 2 things require oligodendrocytes?

A

Learning new motor skills and cognitive processing
(Lecture 1, Slide 9)

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14
Q

What are the 3 major subdivisions of the brain?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
(Lecture 1, Slide 10)

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15
Q

What are the 2 regions of the forebrain?

A

Outer and inner
(Lecture 1, Slide 10)

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16
Q

What 3 parts of the brain are in the outer forebrain?

A

Cerebrum
Corpus striatum
Hippocampus
(Lecture 1, Slide 10)

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17
Q

What are the 2 parts of the brain in the inner forebrain?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
(Lecture 1, Slide 10)

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18
Q

What is contained in the midbrain part of the brain?

A

Basal ganglia including substantia nigra
(Lecture 1, Slide 10)

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19
Q

What 4 parts of the brain are in the hindbrain region?

A

Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Reticular formation
(Lecture 1, Slide 10)

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20
Q

How many lobes are contained in the outer forebrain and how arranged?

A

4, 1 on each side
(Lecture 1, Slide 12)

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21
Q

What 3 things does the outer forebrain control?

A

Cognition, sensory and motor functions
(Lecture 1, Slide 12)

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22
Q

How is the surface area of the outer forebrain increased?

A

By ridges and grooves
(Lecture 1, Slide 12)

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23
Q

What 2 things is the outer forebrain comprised of?

A

Nerve cells and myelin
(Lecture 1, Slide 13)

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24
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

A group of nuclei (nerve clusters) located deep inside the brain
(Lecture 1, Slide 14)

25
Q

What 3 things are contained in the basal ganglia?

A

The striatum, substantia nigra and the globus pallidus
(Lecture 1, Slides 14 and 17)

26
Q

What does the basal ganglia link to?

A

The thalamus
(Lecture 1, Slide 14)

27
Q

What system is the hippocampus a part of and what does this system control?

A

The limbic system - which controls emotions, pleasure, hostility, anger and instincts
(Lecture 1, Slide 15)

28
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

It is a relay centre for information on it’s way to the cerebrum, relaying cerebrum motor output to other areas
(Lecture 1, Slide 16)

29
Q

What 2 systems does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Autonomic and endocrine systems
(hunger, thirst, osmotic balance, body temp, metabolic rate)
(Lecture 1, Slide 16)

30
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

It co-ordinates body movements
(Lecture 1, Slide 17)

31
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Fine, co-ordinated body movements
(Lecture 1, Slide 18)

32
Q

What is the medulla oblongata comprised of?

A

Ascending/descending nerves to/form the forebrain
(Lecture 1, Slide 18)

33
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control?

A

Visceral reflexes such as heart rate, digestion and breathing
(Lecture 1, Slide 18)

34
Q

What does the brain stem reticular formation modulate?

A

Level of wakefulness/sleep
(Lecture 1, Slide 18)

35
Q

What is contained in the centre of the spinal cord?

A

Neuronal cell bodies
(Lecture 1, Slide 20)

36
Q

What is the spinal cord surrounded by?

A

Ascending and descending nerve tracts
(Lecture 1, Slide 20)

37
Q

What is the ventral root of the spinal cord?

A

Motor/efferent nerves leaving the spinal cord and they innervate effectors
(Lecture 1, Slide 20)

38
Q

What is the dorsal root of the spinal cord?

A

Sensory / afferent nerves entering the spinal cord
(Lecture 1, Slide 20)

39
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion in the spinal cord?

A

Sensory nerve cell bodies
(Lecture 1, Slide 20)

40
Q

What is the blood-brain-barrier?

A

A impermeable barrier between blood and the interstitial fluid (ISF) of the brain
(Lecture 1, Slides 21 and 22)

41
Q

What is the blood-CSF-barrier?

A

An impermeable barrier between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid of the brain
(Lecture 1, Slides 21 and 22)

42
Q

What is the CSF-ISF-interface?

A

A permeable barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the interstitial fluid (ISF) of the brain
(Lecture 1, Slides 21 and 22)

43
Q

What are the 4 functions of the ISF and CSF?

A

Supplies metabolites
Physically protects the brain
Provides appropriate chemical environment for neuronal function
Removes wastes
(Lecture 1, Slide 24)

44
Q

What is the consequence of the brain having no glycogen stores?

A

It has to rely on blood glucose and O2 being supplied to it
(Lecture 1, Slide 25)

45
Q

What percent of blood pumped by the heart does the brain receive?

A

15%
(Lecture 1, Slide 25)

46
Q

What percent of the bodies oxygen does the brain use?

A

20%
(Lecture 1, Slide 25)

47
Q

What are 2 differences between arterioles in the peripheral nervous system and arterioles in the central nervous system?

A

Arterioles in the CNS have smaller gaps between endothelial cells and have astrocytes surrounding them - acting as a 2nd barrier
(Lecture 1, Slide 26)

48
Q

What does the blood-brain-barrier do?

A

It restricts access from the blood to the CNS
(Lecture 1, Slide 27)

49
Q

What 2 things are allowed to pass through the blood brain barrier?

A

Small, non-ionised lipid-soluble compounds (e.g O2 or CO2)
Substrates for specific transporters
(e.g glucose, amino acids, ions)
(Lecture 1, Slide 27)

50
Q

What are 4 things are not allowed to pass through the blood-brain-barrier?

A

Answers Include:

Proteins
Substrates bound to plasma proteins
Toxins
Pathogens
Most drugs
(Lecture 1, Slide 27)

51
Q

What can injury or inflammation in relation to the blood-brain-barrier result in?

A

The blood-brain-barrier breaking down, exposing the CNS to harmful surfaces
(Lecture 1, Slide 27)

52
Q

How many chambers does the CSF fill and what are they?

A

2x lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles
(Lecture 1, Slide 28)

53
Q

How does the CSF flow?

A

It flows from ventricles to surround the brain and spinal cord + spinal canal, and exits via one-way valves to the vein
(Lecture 1, Slide 29)

54
Q

What do ependymal glial cells actively secrete into ventricles?

A

Na+ ions
(Lecture 1, Slide 31)

55
Q

What flows passively into ventricles?

A

Cl- ions
(Lecture 1, Slide 31)

56
Q

What does ependymal cells secreting Na+ into ventirlces and Cl- flowing into ventricles do?

A

It increases osmotic pressure, which drives water into the ventricle
(Lecture 1, Slide 31)

57
Q

What percentage of the brain’s glucose supply comes from the CSF?

A

66%
(Lecture 1, Slide 31)

58
Q

What does interferon cytokine do to choroid plexus activity and what is it associated with in old age?

A

decrease it and is associated with decreased cognitive function in old age
(Lecture 1, Slide 32)

59
Q

What does genetically blocking interferon cytokine in old animals do?

A

Increase choroid plexus activity and cognitive function
(Lecture 1, Slide 32)

BM213: Introduction to Pharmacology (15 decks)

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