Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BM213: Introduction to Pharmacology > Block C Lecture 1: The Renal System > Flashcards

Block C Lecture 1: The Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 functions that the kidneys have?

A

Answers include:
Regulation of H20 and inorganic ion balance
Removal of metabolic waste products from the blood and to excrete them in urine
Removal of foreign chemicals in the blood (e.g drugs) and to excrete them in urine
Gluconeogenesis
Endocrine funcitons
(Part 1, Slide 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Roughly how many nephrons exist in the kidneys?

A

~2.5 million between the 2
(Part 1, Slide 4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 functional components that the nephron consists of?

A

The tubular component
The vascular component
(Part 1, Slide 4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the tubular component of a nephron?

A

It contains what will eventually become urine
(Part 1, Slide 4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the vascular component in a nephron?

A

Provides blood supply
(Part 1, Slide 4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the mechanisms in which the kidneys perform their functions depend on?

A

The relationship between the vascular and tubular components of the nephron
(Part 1, Slide 4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does glomerular filtrate drain into?

A

Bowman’s capsule and then into the proximal convoluted tubule
(Part 1, Slide 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the endothelium have to allow small molecules through it?

A

Pores
(Part 1, Slide 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are podocytes?

A

They are highly specialised cells found in the bowman’s capsule of the nephron which are essential components of the renal filtration barrier
(Part 1, Slide 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What charge do podocytes have?

A

A negative charge
(Part 1, Slide 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What 2 things do podocytes employ to stop protein from getting into the tubular fluid?

A

Their negative charge and the basement membrane
(Part 1, Slide 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does GFR stand for?

A

Glomerular filtration rate
(Part 1, Slide 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the macula densa sense GFR?

A

By the sodium ion concentration
(Part 1, Slide 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells secrete?

A

Renin
(Part 1, Slide 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) include?

A

JG cells
(Part 1, Slide 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What 3 things does the JGA do?

A

Regulate renal blood flow, GFR and indirectly modulates Na+ balance and systemic BP
(Part 1, Slide 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the GFR controlled by?

A

Diameters of afferent and efferent arterioles
(Part 1, Slide 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone
(Part 1, Slide 6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does RAAS stand for?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system
(Part 1, Slide 6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do ADH and RAAS have an effect on?

A

GFR
(Part 1, Slide 6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does autoregulation do?

A

Maintains blood supply and prevents high pressure surges from damaging kidneys
(Part 1, Slide 6)

22
Q

How do the kidneys control blood pressure?

A

By controlling blood volume
(Part 2, Slide 2)

23
Q

What does aldosterone synthesis triggered by angiotensin II do?

A

Increase sodium absorption and increases intravascular blood volume
(Part 2, Slide 2)

24
Q

What does renin lead to the production of?

A

Angiotensin I and eventually angiotensin II
(Part 2, Slide 3)

25
Q

What is the RAAS important in regulating?

A

Systemic blood pressure
(Part 2, Slide 5)

26
Q

What is the RAAS activated in response to?

A

Reduced blood flow
(Part 2, Slide 5)

27
Q

What 3 things trigger renin secretion?

A

A decrease of BP, a decrease in [Nacl] at macula densa and a decrease in renal prefusion pressure
(Part 2, Slide 6)

28
Q

What are 3 things that angiotensin II does?

A

Answers include:
Stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal cortex

Triggers vasoconstriction of renal and systemic vessels

Enhanced tubuloglomerular feedback (macula densa becomes more sensitive)

Enhances Na-H exchange and Na channel function to promote Na absorption

Stimulates thirst and ADH release by acting upon the hypothalamus
(Part 2, Slide 7)

29
Q

What does aldosterone trigger the renal tubule to do?

A

Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion
(Part 2, Slide 8)

30
Q

How does aldosterone exert indirect negative feedback on RAAS?

A

By increasing ECV and lowering plasma [K+] concentration
(Part 2, Slide 8)

31
Q

What does ECV stand for?

A

Effective circulating volume
(Part 2, Slide 8)

32
Q

What does low effective circulating volume (ECV) trigger?

A

4 parallel effector pathways that act on the kidneys
(Part 2, Slide 11)

33
Q

What can the 4 effector pathways triggered by a low ECV trigger?

A

Changes haemodynamics or changes Na+ transport by renal cells
(Part 2, Slide 11)

34
Q

What is haemodynamics?

A

Factors that effect the flow of blood
(Part 2, Slide 11)

35
Q

What are 3 things that can be used to treat cardiovascular disease?

A

Diuretics
Sympatholytics
Drugs acting on renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)
Calcium channel blockers
Direct-acting vasodilators
(Part 3, Slide 2)

36
Q

How can sympatholytics treat cardiovascular disease?

A

As they can be used as anti-hypertensives
(Part 3, Slide 2)

37
Q

What do all diuretics indirectly do?

A

Prevent the re-absorption of water in the kidneys (most of them by preventing the reabsorption of sodium)
(Part 3, Slide 2)

38
Q

What are 3 types of diuretics?

A

Loop diuretics
Thiazides
Potassium sparing diuretics
(Part 3, Slide 3)

39
Q

What are loop diuretics?

A

Furosemide supplemented with spironolactone or amiloride
(Part 3, Slide 3)

40
Q

What diuretics are classified as potassium sparing diuretics?

A

Diuretics which don’t act directly on potassium channels
(Part 3, Slide 3)

41
Q

What do loop diuretics inhibit?

A

The Na+/K+2Cl-co-transporter
(Part 3, Slide 5)

42
Q

What do thiazide diuretics inhibit?

A

The sodium-chloride transporter in the distal tubule
(Part 3, Slide 6)

43
Q

Why are thiazide diuretics less efficient at producing diuresis and natriuresis than loop diuretics?

A

As the sodium-chloride transporter only reabsorbs about 5% of filtered sodium
(Part 3, Slide 6)

44
Q

What is diuresis?

A

Increased production and excretion of urine by the kidneys
(Part 3, Slide 6)

45
Q

What is natriuresis?

A

The excretion of sodium into urine by the kidneys
(Part 3, Slide 6)

46
Q

What do potassium sparing diuretics inhibit?

A

The Na+-channel in the distal tubule
(Part 3, Slide 7)

47
Q

What are potassium sparing diuretics also an antagonist for?

A

Aldosterone receptor
(Part 3, Slide 7)

48
Q

What 2 things can act as renin inhibitors?

A

Aliskiren and B1 antagonists
(Part 3, Slide 9)

49
Q

What 3 things can act as aldosterone inhibitors?

A

Spironolactone
Eplerenone
Potassium-sparing diuretics
(Part 3, Slide 10)

50
Q

How do potassium-sparing diuretics act as an aldosterone receptor antagonist?

A

They competitively bind to the aldosterone receptor
(Part 3, Slide 10)

51
Q

What does potassium-sparing diuretics acting as an antagonist for the aldosterone receptor promote?

A

Sodium and water excretion in the collecting tubule and duct
(Part 3, Slide 10

BM213: Introduction to Pharmacology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions