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BM213: Introduction to Pharmacology > Block B Lecture 2: The Heart, Receptors and Drugs > Flashcards

Block B Lecture 2: The Heart, Receptors and Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Rapid transport of nutrients
Removal of waste products of metabolism
Hormonal control
Temperature regulation
Host defence
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)

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2
Q

How does the cardiovascular system exhibit hormonal control?

A

By transporting hormones to their target organs and be secreting its own hormones
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)

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3
Q

How does the cardiovascular system regulate temperature?

A

By controlling heat distribution between the body core and the skin
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)

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4
Q

How does the cardiovascular system participate in the bodies defence system?

A

It transports immune cells, antigens and other mediators around the body
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)

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5
Q

What are the 4 main blood vessels and where do they carry blood to and from?

A

The Aorta (artery) carries blood from the heart to the body
The Vena Cava (vein) carries blood from the body to the heart
The pulmonary artery carries blood from the heart to the lungs
The pulmonary vein carries blood from the lungs to the heart
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)

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6
Q

What way does blood usually flow in the heart?

A

Blood flows from the body and into the right atrium, then into the right ventricle before going to the lungs.
Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs into the left atrium and then into the left ventricle before going to various parts of the body
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)

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7
Q

What valve prevents blood flowing from the right ventricle back into the right atrium?

A

Atrio-ventricular valve (Tricuspid)
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)

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8
Q

What valve prevents blood from flowing from the pulmonary artery back into the right ventricle?

A

The pulmonary semi-lunar valve
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)

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9
Q

What valve prevents blood from flowing from the left ventricle back into the left atria?

A

The Atrio-ventricular valve (Bicuspid-Mitral)
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)

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10
Q

What valve prevents blood from flowing from the aorta back into the left ventricle?

A

Aortic (systemic) semi-lunar valve
(Lecture 2, Slide 6)

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11
Q

What are the 4 layers of the heart, ordered from innermost to outermost?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Pericardium
(Lecture 2, Slide 7)

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12
Q

What is the Endocardium?

A

The inner surface of the heart walls that is in contact with blood
(Lecture 2, Slide 7)

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13
Q

What is the Myocardium?

A

The walls of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle cells
(Lecture 2, Slide 7)

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14
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

The inner lining of the pericardium, which is continuous with the heart itself
(Lecture 2, Slide 7)

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15
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The fluid filled membranous sac the heart is contained in
(Lecture 2, Slide 7)

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16
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The electrical and mechanical changes that occur in the heart during and following a single heart beat
(Lecture 2, Slide 8)

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17
Q

What are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

The contractile phase (systole)
The relaxation, filling phase (diastole)
(Lecture 2, Slide 8)

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18
Q

What produces the differences in pressure which push the blood into the heart chambers and the circulation?

A

The alternation between contraction and relaxation which occurs in the cardiac cycle
(Lecture 2, Slide 8)

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19
Q

What are cardiac muscle cells joined together by?

A

Gap junctions
(Lecture 2, Slide 9)

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20
Q

What do gap junctions allow?

A

Excitation to spread from one cell to another, permitting the cardiac muscle to function as a whole
(Lecture 2, Slide 9)

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21
Q

What specialised cells (other than cardiac cells) does the myocardium contain?

A

Specialised cells that make up the conducting system which are essential for heart excitation
(Lecture 2, Slide 9)

22
Q

What vessels supplies the myocardium with blood?

A

The coronary arteries
(Lecture 2, Slide 9)

23
Q

What are the steps of cardiac contraction?

A
  1. Depolarisation of plasma membrane
  2. Opening on voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels
  3. Flow of Ca2+ into cell
  4. Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  5. Steps 3 and 4 rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration
  6. Contraction occurs due to calcium mediation
    (Lecture 2, Slide 10)
24
Q

What are the 5 structures in the heart that help spread the electrical activity in order?

A

Sino-atrial node
Atrial myocardium
Atrioventricular node
Ventricular conducting fibres
Ventricular myocardium
(Lecture 2, Slide 11)

25
Q

How does action potential occur in nodal cells?

A

Spontaneously
(Lecture 2, Slide 12)

26
Q

What are the 2 cell types of polarisation?

A

Fast and slow depolarising
(Lecture 2, Slide 13)

27
Q

What is an example of slow depolarising cells?

A

Pacemaker cells such as Sino-atrial nodal cells
(Lecture 2, Slide 13)

28
Q

What are the 2 types of refractory periods?

A

Absolute refractory period (ARP)
Relative refractory period (RRP)
(Lecture 2, Slide 14)

29
Q

How long is the absolute refractory period in myocytes?

A

250ms
(Lecture 2, Slide 14)

30
Q

What happens in atrial fibrillation cardiac arrythmia?

A

Usually one electrical signal starts a heartbeat
In atrial fibrillation, lots of random signals make it hard for the heart to beat steady
(Lecture 2, Slide 15)

31
Q

What happens to the permeability of the nodal cell plasma membrane when the sympathetic nervous system is in control?

A

Noradrenaline interacting with ß1 receptors increase permeability to Na+ and Ca2+ ions
(Lecture 2, Slide 19)

32
Q

What happens to the permeability of the nodal cell plasma membrane when the parasympathetic nervous system is in control?

A

Acetylcholine interacting with M2 receptors increases permeability to K+ ions and decreases permeability to Na+ and Ca2+ ions
(Lecture 2, Slide 19)

33
Q

Why does heart rate increase when someone has a fever?

A

As pacemaker race is also effected by temperature
(Lecture 2, Slide 19)

34
Q

How much does bpm increase per degree C?

A

10bpm per degree C
(Lecture 2, Slide 19)

35
Q

The slope of what phase of depolarisation in Sino atrial nodal cells determines heart rate?

A

The slope of phase 4
(Lecture 2, Slide 20)

36
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Stroke Volume (SV) * Heart Rate
(Lecture 2, Slide 21)

37
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)?

A

The volume of blood pumped per concentration
(Lecture 2, Slide 21)

38
Q

What is the end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

Volume of blood in ventricle before contraction
(Lecture 2, Slide 21)

39
Q

How much of the end-diastolic volume (EDC) is ejected each contraction normally (as a percentage)?

A

60%
(Lecture 2, Slide 21)

40
Q

How many fold can cardiac output increase during exercise?

A

4-8 fold
(Lecture 2, Slide 21)

41
Q

What is the frank-starling law of the heart?

A

Increased contractility results in a higher ventricular end-diastolic volume and a higher stroke volume
(Lecture 2, Slide 22)

42
Q

What are the 2 main receptors in the heart?

A

ß1 adrenoreceptors mostly with muscarinic M2 receptors
(Lecture 2, Slide 25)

43
Q

What are 3 receptors expressed in the heart (other than ß1s and M2s)?

A

ß2 adrenoreceptors
Alpha 1 receptors
Angiotensin II receptors
(Lecture 2, Slide 25)

44
Q

What 2 things combine to regulate blood pressure as part of the ANS?

A

The heart and blood vessels
(Lecture 2, Slide 26)

45
Q

How do you calculate arterial blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output (CO) * Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
(Lecture 2, Slide 26)

46
Q

What 2 things does total peripheral vascular resistance (TRP) depend on?

A

Blood viscosity
Arteriolar radius (the higher the radius the less resistance)
(Lecture 2, Slide 26)

47
Q

What is the healthy blood pressure level in a healthy young adult?

A

Around 120/80 mmHg
(Lecture 2, Slide 26)

48
Q

What 4 things control arteriolar radius?

A

Noradrenaline and α1 receptors (constrict)
Nerves, Acetylcholine and M3 receptors (dilate)
ß2 receptors (dilate)
Local controls (dilate)
(Lecture 2, Slide 27)

49
Q

What 2 things help regulate arterial blood pressure in the short term?

A

Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor reflexes
(Lecture 2, Slide 28)

50
Q

What 4 things help regulate arterial blood pressure in the longer term?

A

Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone)
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
(Lecture 2, Slide 28)

51
Q

What would a drug need to do to be good at reducing high blood pressure?

A

Either reduce heart rate / stroke volume and reduce vascular constriction
(Lecture 2, Slide 30)

52
Q

What are 3 examples of drugs that are good for high blood pressure?

A

Beta blockers (ß1 antagonists)
Selective α1 antagonist
ACE inhibitor
(Lecture 2, Slide 31)

BM213: Introduction to Pharmacology (15 decks)

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