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BM213: Introduction to Pharmacology > Block C Lecture 2: The Hepatic System > Flashcards

Block C Lecture 2: The Hepatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hepatic system also known as?

A

The liver system
(Part 1, Slide 1)

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2
Q

How many main lobes does the liver contain?

A

2
(Part 1, Slide 2)

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3
Q

What divides the liver’s 2 main lobes into the right and left lobes?

A

The hepatic vein
(Part 1, Slide 2)

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4
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

In the upper right corner of the abdomen (in the body, it’s left side if you’re facing them)
(Part 1, Slide 3)

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5
Q

Approximately how much blood does the liver receive in a minute?

A

15ml
(Part 1, Slide 3)

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6
Q

What are the 2 main vessels that supply the liver with blood?

A

The hepatic artery and the portal vein
(Part 1, Slide 3)

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7
Q

What percentage of the blood flow to the liver do the hepatic artery and portal vein supply?

A

The hepatic artery supplies 25% and the portal vein supplies 75%
(Part 1, Slide 3)

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8
Q

On top of supplying the liver with blood flow, what else does the hepatic artery supply to the liver?

A

A majority of the liver’s oxygen requirement
(Part 1, Slide 3)

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9
Q

On top of providing the liver with a large majority of its blood flow, what does the portal vein do?

A

It drains most of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and transports the most recently absorbed material from the intestines to the liver
(Part 1, Slide 3)

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10
Q

What are 3 functions of the liver?

A

Answers include:
Major role in protein, carbohydrate and lipid synthesis
Storage of glycogen, vitamins and iron
Contains an extensive reticuloendothelial system for the synthesis and breakdown of blood cells
Liver cells metabolise, detoxify and excrete endogenous and exogenous compounds
(Part 1, Slide 5)

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11
Q

What are 4 ways in which a liver disease can be diagnosed?

A

Answers Include:
Consideration of medical / family history of liver problems

Looking at symptoms, drinking and eating habits

Liver function tests (LFTs)

A complete blood count test

CT scans, MRIs or ultrasounds to check for liver damage or tumours

A liver biopsy where a small sample of the liver is removed from the body and examined for signs of damage or disease
(Part 1, Slide 6)

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12
Q

Are most liver diseases temporary or chronic (life-long)?

A

Chronic
(Part 1, Slide 7)

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13
Q

Can chronic liver diseases be managed?

A

Yes
(Part 1, Slide 7)

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14
Q

What are 4 lifestyle changes that people with chronic liver diseases may need to employ to keep their symptoms at bay?

A

Limitation of alcohol
Maintaining a healthy weight
Drinking more water
Adopting a liver-friendly diet which includes plenty of fibre with reducing fat, sugar and salt
(Part 1, Slide 7)

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15
Q

What are 4 ways in which liver diseases can be treated?

A

Answers Include:
Antiviral drugs (for hepatitis)
Steroids (to reduce liver inflammation)
Blood pressure medication
Antibiotics
Medications to target specific symptoms (such as itchy skin)
Vitamins and supplements (to boost liver health)
these depends on the conditions
(Part 1, Slide 8)

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16
Q

How many types of hepatitis are there and what are they called?

A

There are 5, labelled A - E
(Part 2, Slide 2)

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17
Q

What are the 2 most severe strains of hepatitis strains?

A

B (which develops into D) and C
(Part 2, Slide 2)

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18
Q

How is hepatitis A typically spread?

A

Through contaminated food or water
(Part 2, Slide 2)

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19
Q

How can hepatitis A symptoms clear up?

A

Sometimes it they may clear up without treatment, recovery ina few weeks
(Part 2, Slide 2)

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20
Q

Is hepatitis B acute or chronic?

A

It can be either
(Part 2, Slide 2)

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21
Q

How is hepatitis B spread?

A

Though bodily fluid
(Part 2, Slide 2)

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22
Q

Is there a cure for hepatitis B?

A

It is treatable, but there is no cure
(Part 2, Slide 2)

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23
Q

Is hepatitis C acute or chronic?

A

It can also be acute or chronic
(Part 2, Slide 2)

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24
Q

How can hepatitis C be spread?

A

Through blood contact with someone who has hepatitis C
(Part 2, Slide 2)

25
Q

Does hepatitis C cause symptoms straight away?

A

No
(Part 2, Slide 2)

26
Q

What can hepatitis C lead to?

A

Permanent liver damage
(Part 2, Slide 2)

27
Q

What is hepatitis D?

A

A serious form of hepatitis that only develops in people with hepatitis B
(Part 2, Slide 2)

28
Q

What is hepatitis E caused by?

A

Drinking contaminated water
(Part 2, Slide 2)

29
Q

How is hepatitis E cured?

A

It usually clears up on its own within a few weeks
(Part 2, Slide 2)

30
Q

What can be used to reduce the risk of acute hepatitis C becoming chronic?

A

Interferon alpha
(Part 2, Slide 3)

31
Q

How does interferon alpha help prevent acute hepatitis C from becoming chronic?

A

They boost the immune system response in stimulating T cells and other immune cells to attack
(Part 2, Slide 3)

32
Q

Other than interferons, what other way can hepatitis can be treated?

A

Anti-viral drugs (such as sofosbuvir)
(Part 2, Slide 3)

33
Q

What can cause fatty liver disease?

A

Fat build-up in the liver
(Part 2, Slide 4)

34
Q

What are the 2 types of fatty liver disease?

A

Alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
(Part 2, Slide 4)

35
Q

What causes alcoholic fatty liver disease?

A

Heavy alcohol consumption
(Part 2, Slide 4)

36
Q

What can both alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease lead to if left unamanaged?

A

Liver damage, which leads to cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver failure
(Part 2, Slide 4)

37
Q

What 2 things can be used to treat adults with advanced liver fibrosis?

A

Pioglitazone or vitamin E
(Part 2, Slide 5)

38
Q

What is pioglitazone?

A

Synthetic ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)
(Part 2, Slide 5)

39
Q

What does pioglitazone do?

A

Improve sensitivity of hepatic (liver) tissue to insulin
(Part 2, Slide 5)

40
Q

How does pioglitazone cause metabolic changes?

A

They alter the transcription of genes influencing carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, resulting in changed amounts of protein synthesis and metabolic changes
(Part 2, Slide 5)

41
Q

What is vitamin E?

A

A potent antioxidant
(Part 2, Slide 5)

42
Q

What are 3 examples of autoimmune liver diseases?

A

Autoimmune hepatitis
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
(Part 2, Slide 6)

43
Q

What is autoimmune hepatitis?

A

A condition which causes your immune system to attack your liver, resulting in inflammation. It can lead to liver cirrhosis and liver failure if untreated
(Part 2, Slide 6)

44
Q

What is primary biliary cirrhosis?

A

A disease resulting from damage to the bile ducts in the liver, resulting in a build up of bile. PBC can eventually leads to liver cirrhosis or liver failure
(Part 2, Slide 6)

45
Q

What is primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

An inflammatory condition which causes gradual damage to your bile ducts, leading to them eventually becoming blocked, causing bile to build up in the liver, which can eventually lead to liver cirrhosis or liver failure
(Part 2, Slide 6)

46
Q

What 2 things can be used to treat autoimmune liver diseases?

A

Corticosteroids (Prednisolone)
Immunosuppressants (Azathioprine)
(Part 2, Slide 7)

47
Q

What does Prednisolone do?

A

Increases the concentration of neutrophils while decreasing concentrations of T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and decreasing cytokine release (such as IL-2 and TNF α)
(Part 2, Slide 7)

48
Q

What is anathioprine?

A

An immunosuppressant agent which acts through its effects as an antagonist of purine metabolism, resulting in the inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis
(Part 2, Slide 7)

49
Q

What is secondary liver cancer?

A

When a cancer starts elsewhere in the body but spreads to the liver, it’s called secondary liver cancer
(Part 3, Slide 2)

50
Q

What is the most common type of liver cancer?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma
(Part 3, Slide 2)

51
Q

How does hepatocellular carcinoma develop?

A

It tends to develop as several small spots of cancer in the liver but can also start as a single tumour
(Part 3, Slide 2)

52
Q

What can complications of liver diseases lead to?

A

The development of liver cancer
(Part 3, Slide 2)

53
Q

What are 5 things that can be used to treat cancer?

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Pharmacotherapy
Prednisolone (A corticosteroid)
Everolimus (An immunosuppressant)
(Part 3, Slides 3 and 4)

54
Q

What is everolimus?

A

An immunosuppressant which inhibits mTOR which is the mammalian target of rapamycin
(Part 3, Slide 4)

55
Q

What is a common associated condition with liver cancer?

A

Cholestasis
(Part 3, Slide 5)

56
Q

What is cholestasis?

A

An impairment of bile formation and / or bile flow
(Part 3, Slide 5)

57
Q

What are 3 symptoms of cholestasis?

A

Answers include:
Fatigue
Pruritis (itchiness)
Dark urine
Pale stools
In serious forms:
Jaundice (eyes go white with skin going yellow)
Signs of fat soluble vitamin deficiencies
(Part 3, Slide 5)

58
Q

What is cholestyramine?

A

A bile acid sequestrant (lowers LDL blood cholesterol)
(Part 3, Slide 5)

BM213: Introduction to Pharmacology (15 decks)

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