Block D Flashcards
Central Nervous System
State components of the CNS (2 marks)
-spinal cord
-brain
What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
the nervous system that encompasses the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
In the CNS there are 2 cellular components, a pathway tract that stems from the nucleus. State the 2 components that replace these in the PNS.
Nerve stems from the ganglion.
In the PNS, _______ is formed when learning a new motor skill
Oligodendrocytes
How does a myelin sheath increase speed of action potential conduction? (2 marks)
-myelin sheath wraps around the axon
-acts as electrical insulation
What is grey matter?
nerve cells
What is white matter?
connections and tracts
What’s the role of the hippocampus
part of the limbic system and is responsible for emotions and memory
What’s the role of the thalamus
is the relay centre, receives sensory input
What’s the role of the hypothalamus
regulates autonomic and endocrine systems
What’s the role of the basal ganglia
coordinates body movements
What’s the role of the medulla oblongata (2 marks)
-visceral reflexes (HR, breathing, digestion)
-ascending and descending nerves to/from the brain
What’s the role of the brain stem reticular formation
modulates level of wakefulness/sleep
What type of root carries signals from the sensory receptor to the spinal cord. dorsal/ventral?
dorsal
What type of root carries signals from the spinal cord to the effector organ. dorsal/ventral?
ventral
How are neuropeptides synthesizes?
-synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum
-sent to the golgi apparatus to be modified into a protein
-stored in vesicles and transported to terminal
what receptor is used in slow neurotransmission
GPCR
what receptor is used in fast neurotransmission
ligand gated ion channels
Briefly, what is the mechanism for local anesthetics and give an example?
lidocaine, blocks voltage dependent Na+ channels therefore blocking the action potential
Briefly, what is the mechanism for non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and give an example?
ibuprofen, blocks COX-1 and COX-2 and reduces inflammation
How does a study relate Alzheimer’s disease with sleep deprivation (3 marks)
Alzheimer’s disease is associated with increased tau and amyloid beta proteins. These are both removed from the CNS during sleep. Sleep deprivation means less clearance of the CNS, higher chances of disease.
Explain how long term memory takes places in the nerves. (4 marks)
There is an increased effectiveness of neurotransmission. Initiated by high frequency stimulation. Increased release of neurotransmitter, glutamate. Increased postsynaptic sensitivity to glutamate.
Alzheimer’s disease is cell _____ in ______ and hippocampus
death, cortex
Describe the process of neurotransmitter release (6 marks)
-action potential reaches terminal
-voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
-calcium enters the axon terminal
-neurotransmitter is released and diffuses into the cleft
-neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors
-neurotransmitter is removed and recycled back into the neurone
