Block D

Question 1

State components of the CNS (2 marks)

Answer 1

-spinal cord
-brain

Question 2

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Answer 2

the nervous system that encompasses the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

In the CNS there are 2 cellular components, a pathway tract that stems from the nucleus. State the 2 components that replace these in the PNS.

Answer 3

Nerve stems from the ganglion.

Question 4

In the PNS, _______ is formed when learning a new motor skill

Answer 4

Oligodendrocytes

Question 5

How does a myelin sheath increase speed of action potential conduction? (2 marks)

Answer 5

-myelin sheath wraps around the axon
-acts as electrical insulation

Question 6

What is grey matter?

Answer 6

nerve cells

Question 7

What is white matter?

Answer 7

connections and tracts

Question 8

What’s the role of the hippocampus

Answer 8

part of the limbic system and is responsible for emotions and memory

Question 9

What’s the role of the thalamus

Answer 9

is the relay centre, receives sensory input

Question 10

What’s the role of the hypothalamus

Answer 10

regulates autonomic and endocrine systems

Question 11

What’s the role of the basal ganglia

Answer 11

coordinates body movements

Question 12

What’s the role of the medulla oblongata (2 marks)

Answer 12

-visceral reflexes (HR, breathing, digestion)
-ascending and descending nerves to/from the brain

Question 13

What’s the role of the brain stem reticular formation

Answer 13

modulates level of wakefulness/sleep

Question 14

What type of root carries signals from the sensory receptor to the spinal cord. dorsal/ventral?

Answer 14

dorsal

Question 15

What type of root carries signals from the spinal cord to the effector organ. dorsal/ventral?

Answer 15

ventral

Question 16

How are neuropeptides synthesizes?

Answer 16

-synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum
-sent to the golgi apparatus to be modified into a protein
-stored in vesicles and transported to terminal

Question 17

what receptor is used in slow neurotransmission

Answer 17

GPCR

Question 18

what receptor is used in fast neurotransmission

Answer 18

ligand gated ion channels

Question 19

Briefly, what is the mechanism for local anesthetics and give an example?

Answer 19

lidocaine, blocks voltage dependent Na+ channels therefore blocking the action potential

Question 20

Briefly, what is the mechanism for non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and give an example?

Answer 20

ibuprofen, blocks COX-1 and COX-2 and reduces inflammation

Question 21

How does a study relate Alzheimer’s disease with sleep deprivation (3 marks)

Answer 21

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with increased tau and amyloid beta proteins. These are both removed from the CNS during sleep. Sleep deprivation means less clearance of the CNS, higher chances of disease.

Question 22

Explain how long term memory takes places in the nerves. (4 marks)

Answer 22

There is an increased effectiveness of neurotransmission. Initiated by high frequency stimulation. Increased release of neurotransmitter, glutamate. Increased postsynaptic sensitivity to glutamate.

Question 23

Alzheimer’s disease is cell _____ in ______ and hippocampus

Answer 23

death, cortex

Question 24

Describe the process of neurotransmitter release (6 marks)

Answer 24

-action potential reaches terminal
-voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
-calcium enters the axon terminal
-neurotransmitter is released and diffuses into the cleft
-neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors
-neurotransmitter is removed and recycled back into the neurone