Block D Flashcards
What Ig is most important in defence against intestinal pathogens such as Rotavirus
IgA
TRUE/FALSE: Is IgM a dimer
False
TRUE/FALSE: Is IgA a dimer
True
TRUE/FALSE: Is IgM a pentamer
True
Where is IgA found?
On mucosal surfaces
Which antibody class gives long-term protection
IgG
Give 3 processes IgG mediates in
Phagocytosis, Opsonisation and Degranulation of immune cells (like neutrophils, mast cells)
Which Ig class is naturally present in new born babies
IgM
Generally, antibodies produced against a pathogen are:
-monoclonal
-homogenous
-polyclonal
-all of same specificty
polyclonal
Antibodies clear out pathogens by:
-agglutination
-precipitation
-neutralization
-all of these
all of these
Antibodies are:
-opsonins
-lipoproteins
-serum phagocytes
-none of these
opsonin
Which immunoglobulin is produced early on in the primary response to infections
IgM
Which antibody is a prominent antigen receptor expressed on B cells
IgD
Which antibody is found in secretions
IgA
Name the 4 steps of Humoral activation. (4 marks)
-Phagocytosis of pathogen by APC
-Antigen processing/presentation
-Educate naive T cell
-Proliferation of T cell
Name the 4 steps of Humoral effector. (4 marks)
-Uptake of pathogen by B cell
-Antigen processing/presentation
-Interaction with antigen-specific T cell
-Proliferation and differentiation of B cell
Define Cancer
Cancer is caused by the uncontrolled replication of a cell
State the 2 things that oncogenic mutations result in to cause cancer.
-activating the cell cycle
-inhibiting apoptosis of damaged cells
How can viruses cause tumours? (2 marks)
-Insertion of viral DNA into the genome of the infected cell can delete some of the host genes
-if these genes are oncogenes then it could result in cancer
How can chronic inflammation cause cancer (2 marks)
-inflammation causes an imbalance in cytokine secretion and inflammatory response
-this favours the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells.
Name 3 immune cells that kill cancer (3 marks)
-NK cells
-T cells
-Macrophages
Briefly explain how T cells act against cancer. (3 marks)
-Both CD8+ and CD4+ are involved
-CD4+ produces cytokines that increase production of CD8+ cells and act on dentritic cells
-this improves antigen presentation to T and B cells.
State 4 ways that cancer cells evade our immune system. (4 marks)
-low expression of MHC so not recognised by T cells
-increases T cell apoptosis
-express antigen with poor epitopes
-release immunosuppressive cytokines
Describe CAR T-cells (2 marks)
-these are modififed T cells that are not restricted by MHC molecules
-they are chimeric since they form 2 functions, tumour-antigen binding and T cell activating functions
What type of cancers do CAR T cells usually target
blood cancers
Name 3 side effects from CAR T cells
-cytokine release storm (CRS) caused by the release of large amounts of inflammatory molecules from CAR T cells
-Most antigens are not tumour specific so can damage healthy cells
-Neurotoxicity occurs in 40% of patients
Which antibody classes is the predominant immunoglobulin found in the intestine?
IgA
