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BM212 - Immunology > Block C > Flashcards

Block C Flashcards

1
Q

In the lymph nodes, what does the germinal centre contain

A

B cells

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2
Q

In the lymph nodes, what does the paracortical area contain

A

Mostly T cells

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3
Q

In the lymph nodes, what do the Medullary cords contain

A

Plasma cells

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4
Q

In the lymph nodes, what does the parafollicular area contain

A

An area where B cells, T cells and DCs can interact and present to each other.

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5
Q

Describe how T-cells undergo selection in the thymus. (3 marks)

A

-APC presents a immature T cell with MHC
-cells that react too strongly are negatively selected and are sent signals for apoptosis
-cells that react moderately are positively selected and recieve signals for survival

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6
Q

What is the main point of entry in the lymph nodes, and for T cells

A

the afferent lymphatic vessels, however the T cells enter through HEV

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7
Q

Whats is the main point of exit in the lynph nodes, and for T cells

A

the efferent lymphatics, T cells that are not activated leave via corticol sinuses

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8
Q

Describe the interaction of dentritic cells (DC) in the periphery and lymph nodes. (4 marks)

A

-Immature DC that are present in all tissue engulf an antigen in the periphery
-DC become activated and travel to the lymph nodes via lymphatics
-Mature DC present to B and T cells in the follicular region, activating T cells
-Once activated, T and B cells leave through the efferent lymphatics to the rest of the body

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9
Q

In the Spleen, what is the function of the red pulp

A

RBCs are broken down and produced

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10
Q

In the Spleen, what is the function of the white pulp

A

contains the region where B cells, T cells and APC are found

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11
Q

Why is it important for lymphocytes to continually recirulate throughout the peripheral lymphoid tissue

A

It ensures a lymphocyte will always find its specific antigen no matter where it enters in the body

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12
Q

Which MHC molecules present antigens to CD4+ T cells

A

MHC II

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13
Q

Which MHC molecules present antigens to CD8+ T cells

A

MHC I

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14
Q

Are CD4+ T cells, helper or killer cells?

A

helper

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15
Q

Are CD8+ T cells, helper or killer cells?

A

killer

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16
Q

In T cells, the _____ region recognises the antigen.

A

variable

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17
Q

Describe a T cell after activation. (2 marks)

A

-T cells proliferate in the lymph nodes
-T cells differentiate into effector functions and leave the lymph nodes via efferent lymphatics

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18
Q

Why is MHC diversity important

A

High diversity is needed to increase the range of peptides and reduces the chance of pathogens evading the immune system

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19
Q

Describe the process of a CD8+ T effector cell after activation

A

-once a cell has recognised the antigen via MHC I, it will recieve signals to proliferate
-these signals are sent 2 ways, through increased production of IL-2 and increased gene expression of IL-2 receptor

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20
Q

What the effect of IL-2 on a CD8+ cell

A

IL-2 binding to a receptor on the cell signals for proliferation

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21
Q

What the effect of IFNy on a CD8+ cell

A

IFNy instructs the cell to differentiate and kill pathogens

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22
Q

Describe the process of a CD4+ T effector cell after activation

A

The T helper cells interact with a B cell via BCR and MHC II. Stimulation from CD40-CD40L sends signals that induce the production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6. These cytokines tell the B cell to proliferate

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23
Q

What the effect of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 on a CD4+ cell

A

They tell the B cell that the T helper cell is interacting with to proliferate

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24
Q

Describe the full process of B cell activation (4 marks)

A

-If a BCR recognises the antigen, the B cell is activated and the antigen is engulfed. The antigen is then broken down into peptides.
-Peptides are loaded into MHC II and presented to CD4+ helper T cells.
-If the T cells also recognise the antigen, T cells will provide help to the B cell, through costimulation from CD40-CD40L and the cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and Il-6. -This stimulation allows B cells to proliferate and differentiate.

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25
Q

State the function of the Complement function of antibodies

A

activates a cascade of enzymes which punch holes in cell membranes by assembling a MAC

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26
Q

Which class of antibodies are in control of neutralization

A

IgG and IgA

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27
Q

Which class of antibodies are in control of complement

A

IgG and IgM

28
Q

How are cells that react too little to self-MHC removed

A

Death by neglect, they dont recieve the survival signals.

29
Q

Explain Central Tolerance (2 marks)

A

-This removes self reactive cells based on affinity
-This is through positive-negative selection

30
Q

Explain Peripheral Tolerance (2 marks)

A

-This prevents an immune response to harmless antigens like food, good bacteria
-It does this because danger signals (PAMPs) are lacking

31
Q

Approx how many cells are deleted through clonal selection

A

95%

32
Q

If a T cell has not yet been exposed to an antigen it is classed as being?

A

Naive

33
Q

Where do T-cell progenitors migrate to after they are developed in the bone marrow?

A

The thymus

34
Q

Via what receptor does a helper T-cell activates B-cells?

A

CD40

35
Q

The genetic basis of the T-cell specificity comes from?

A

Random selection of gene segments

36
Q

MHC class II proteins mainly interact with which type of cell?

A

T helper cells

37
Q

MHC class I and class II molecules are synthesised on what region of the cell:
-nucleus
-golgi apparatus
-ER
-ribsome
-lysosome

A

endoplasmic reticulum

38
Q

Where do the mature T cells migrate to?

A

Peripheral lymphatic organs

39
Q

In the adaptive phase of an immune response how long after the start of the response does activation of antigen-specific B cells occur and what is the duration of this response?

A

occurs within hours, lasts for days

40
Q

Where do T-cells develop into fully competent T-cells?

A

thymus gland

41
Q

The cytokines and chemokines released by _____in response to bacterial constituents initiate the process known as inflammation.

A

macrophages, and these release chemokines which attract cells that have chemokine receptors such as neutrophils and monocytes

42
Q

Which type of T helper cell mediates IL-4

A

Th2 which regulates against extracellular pathogens

43
Q

Which type of T helper cell mediates IFNg

A

Th1 which reguates against intracellular pathogens

44
Q

TRUE/FALSE: The spleen and Peyer’s patches are secondary lymphoid organs involved in T-cell maturation.

A

false

45
Q

TRUE/FALSE: the red pulp area of the spleen is where B-cells, T-cells and Antigen Presenting Cells interact.

A

false

46
Q

T and B cells leave the lymph nodes via which ONE route?

A

efferent lymphatic system

47
Q

Name 4 secondary lymphoid organ?

A

-lymph nodes
-tonsils
-spleen
-peyers patch

48
Q

Which ONE immune cell interacts with B cells via CD40?

A

CD4+ T cell

49
Q

An immune cell that recognises antigen presented in Class-I MHC is a?

A

CD8+ T cell

50
Q

Which ONE cell generates the symptoms commonly associated with asthma?

A

mast cell

51
Q

What does the abbreviation MHC stand for?

A

major histocompatibility complex

52
Q

What is the process in which self-recognising immature lymphocytes are bound to self-antigens and then are destroyed to prevent autoimmune response?

A

clonal deletion

53
Q

How many classes of MHC molecules are there?

A

2

54
Q

Which ONE antigen requires the aid of a T-cell to induce formation of an antibody?

A

thymus dependant antigen

55
Q

Which ONE cell type processes antigens?

A

dentritic cells

56
Q

What is the first antibody expressed on a B cell?

A

IgM

57
Q

The specific part of an antigen that an antibody binds to is known as:

A

epitope

58
Q

The single most important effect of prednisolone therapy is:

A

reduction in nitric oxide production

59
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Cytotoxic T cell are not important in protection against cancer because they are MHC Class II restricted.

A

false

60
Q

Which antibody binds to FcγR on macrophages?

A

IgG

61
Q

Which antibody binds to FcεR1 on mast cells?

A

IgE

62
Q

Which T helper subset produces IL-4 and IL-5?

A

Th2

63
Q

Which T helper subset controls extracellular bacteria?

A

Th17

64
Q

Which T helper subset activates macrophages?

A

Th1

65
Q
A

BM212 - Immunology (5 decks)

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