Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BM212 - Immunology > Block C > Flashcards

Block C Flashcards

1
Q

In the lymph nodes, what does the germinal centre contain

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In the lymph nodes, what does the paracortical area contain

A

Mostly T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In the lymph nodes, what do the Medullary cords contain

A

Plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In the lymph nodes, what does the parafollicular area contain

A

An area where B cells, T cells and DCs can interact and present to each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe how T-cells undergo selection in the thymus. (3 marks)

A

-APC presents a immature T cell with MHC
-cells that react too strongly are negatively selected and are sent signals for apoptosis
-cells that react moderately are positively selected and recieve signals for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the main point of entry in the lymph nodes, and for T cells

A

the afferent lymphatic vessels, however the T cells enter through HEV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Whats is the main point of exit in the lynph nodes, and for T cells

A

the efferent lymphatics, T cells that are not activated leave via corticol sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the interaction of dentritic cells (DC) in the periphery and lymph nodes. (4 marks)

A

-Immature DC that are present in all tissue engulf an antigen in the periphery
-DC become activated and travel to the lymph nodes via lymphatics
-Mature DC present to B and T cells in the follicular region, activating T cells
-Once activated, T and B cells leave through the efferent lymphatics to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the Spleen, what is the function of the red pulp

A

RBCs are broken down and produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the Spleen, what is the function of the white pulp

A

contains the region where B cells, T cells and APC are found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is it important for lymphocytes to continually recirulate throughout the peripheral lymphoid tissue

A

It ensures a lymphocyte will always find its specific antigen no matter where it enters in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which MHC molecules present antigens to CD4+ T cells

A

MHC II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which MHC molecules present antigens to CD8+ T cells

A

MHC I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are CD4+ T cells, helper or killer cells?

A

helper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are CD8+ T cells, helper or killer cells?

A

killer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In T cells, the _____ region recognises the antigen.

A

variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe a T cell after activation. (2 marks)

A

-T cells proliferate in the lymph nodes
-T cells differentiate into effector functions and leave the lymph nodes via efferent lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is MHC diversity important

A

High diversity is needed to increase the range of peptides and reduces the chance of pathogens evading the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the process of a CD8+ T effector cell after activation

A

-once a cell has recognised the antigen via MHC I, it will recieve signals to proliferate
-these signals are sent 2 ways, through increased production of IL-2 and increased gene expression of IL-2 receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What the effect of IL-2 on a CD8+ cell

A

IL-2 binding to a receptor on the cell signals for proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What the effect of IFNy on a CD8+ cell

A

IFNy instructs the cell to differentiate and kill pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the process of a CD4+ T effector cell after activation

A

The T helper cells interact with a B cell via BCR and MHC II. Stimulation from CD40-CD40L sends signals that induce the production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6. These cytokines tell the B cell to proliferate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What the effect of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 on a CD4+ cell

A

They tell the B cell that the T helper cell is interacting with to proliferate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the full process of B cell activation (4 marks)

A

-If a BCR recognises the antigen, the B cell is activated and the antigen is engulfed. The antigen is then broken down into peptides.
-Peptides are loaded into MHC II and presented to CD4+ helper T cells.
-If the T cells also recognise the antigen, T cells will provide help to the B cell, through costimulation from CD40-CD40L and the cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and Il-6. -This stimulation allows B cells to proliferate and differentiate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
State the function of the Complement function of antibodies
activates a cascade of enzymes which punch holes in cell membranes by assembling a MAC
26
Which class of antibodies are in control of neutralization
IgG and IgA
27
Which class of antibodies are in control of complement
IgG and IgM
28
How are cells that react too little to self-MHC removed
Death by neglect, they dont recieve the survival signals.
29
Explain Central Tolerance (2 marks)
-This removes self reactive cells based on affinity -This is through positive-negative selection
30
Explain Peripheral Tolerance (2 marks)
-This prevents an immune response to harmless antigens like food, good bacteria -It does this because danger signals (PAMPs) are lacking
31
Approx how many cells are deleted through clonal selection
95%
32
If a T cell has not yet been exposed to an antigen it is classed as being?
Naive
33
Where do T-cell progenitors migrate to after they are developed in the bone marrow?
The thymus
34
Via what receptor does a helper T-cell activates B-cells?
CD40
35
The genetic basis of the T-cell specificity comes from?
Random selection of gene segments
36
MHC class II proteins mainly interact with which type of cell?
T helper cells
37
MHC class I and class II molecules are synthesised on what region of the cell: -nucleus -golgi apparatus -ER -ribsome -lysosome
endoplasmic reticulum
38
Where do the mature T cells migrate to?
Peripheral lymphatic organs
39
In the adaptive phase of an immune response how long after the start of the response does activation of antigen-specific B cells occur and what is the duration of this response?
occurs within hours, lasts for days
40
Where do T-cells develop into fully competent T-cells?
thymus gland
41
The cytokines and chemokines released by _____in response to bacterial constituents initiate the process known as inflammation.
macrophages, and these release chemokines which attract cells that have chemokine receptors such as neutrophils and monocytes
42
Which type of T helper cell mediates IL-4
Th2 which regulates against extracellular pathogens
43
Which type of T helper cell mediates IFNg
Th1 which reguates against intracellular pathogens
44
TRUE/FALSE: The spleen and Peyer’s patches are secondary lymphoid organs involved in T-cell maturation.
false
45
TRUE/FALSE: the red pulp area of the spleen is where B-cells, T-cells and Antigen Presenting Cells interact.
false
46
T and B cells leave the lymph nodes via which ONE route?
efferent lymphatic system
47
Name 4 secondary lymphoid organ?
-lymph nodes -tonsils -spleen -peyers patch
48
Which ONE immune cell interacts with B cells via CD40?
CD4+ T cell
49
An immune cell that recognises antigen presented in Class-I MHC is a?
CD8+ T cell
50
Which ONE cell generates the symptoms commonly associated with asthma?
mast cell
51
What does the abbreviation MHC stand for?
major histocompatibility complex
52
What is the process in which self-recognising immature lymphocytes are bound to self-antigens and then are destroyed to prevent autoimmune response?
clonal deletion
53
How many classes of MHC molecules are there?
2
54
Which ONE antigen requires the aid of a T-cell to induce formation of an antibody?
thymus dependant antigen
55
Which ONE cell type processes antigens?
dentritic cells
56
What is the first antibody expressed on a B cell?
IgM
57
The specific part of an antigen that an antibody binds to is known as:
epitope
58
The single most important effect of prednisolone therapy is:
reduction in nitric oxide production
59
TRUE/FALSE: Cytotoxic T cell are not important in protection against cancer because they are MHC Class II restricted.
false
60
Which antibody binds to FcγR on macrophages?
IgG
61
Which antibody binds to FcεR1 on mast cells?
IgE
62
Which T helper subset produces IL-4 and IL-5?
Th2
63
Which T helper subset controls extracellular bacteria?
Th17
64
Which T helper subset activates macrophages?
Th1
65

BM212 - Immunology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions