Block B

Question 1

Name 3 immune cells that come from Myeloid Progenitor

Answer 1

-neutrophil
-eosinophil
-basophil
-macrophage
-dendritic cell
-mast cell

Question 2

Name 3 immune cells that come from Lymphoid Progenitor

Answer 2

-b cell
-natural killer cell
-t cell
-CD4+ cells
-CD8+ cells

Question 3

State the role of cytokines.

Answer 3

to mediate the activation, proliferation and differentiation of target cells

Question 4

What is autocrine signalling for cytokines

Answer 4

signalling for the same cell

Question 5

What is paracrine signalling for cytokines

Answer 5

signalling for a nearby cell

Question 6

What is endocrine signalling for cytokines

Answer 6

signalling for a distant cell

Question 7

What does it mean when a cytokine can be redundant

Answer 7

it means different cytokines can have the same effect on a cell

Question 8

What does it mean when a cytokine can be pleiotropic, give an example. (2 marks)

Answer 8

it means the same cytokine can have different effects on different cells.

Question 9

What does it mean when a cytokine can synergize

Answer 9

it is when 2 types of cytokines combine to give an effect.

Question 10

What does it mean when a cytokine can be antagonize

Answer 10

when a cytokine blocks an effect in a cell

Question 11

What are the 3 modes of transmission for infection.

Answer 11

-person-person
-orally
-vector-borne

Answer 12

-

Question 13

Describe the role of complements. (4 marks)

Answer 13

-induces acute inflammation
-opsonises bacteria for phagocytosis
-bactericidal by inducing osmotic lysis/cytolysis
-facilitates the removal of apoptotic cells

Question 14

Describe 2 antimicrobial proteins. (4 marks)

Answer 14

-defensin, secreted at mucosal surfaces
-defensin creates pores in membranes of infected cells and disrupts membrane integrity
-lysozyme, degrades the peptidoglycan layer of Gram+ bacteria causing bacteria to burst

Question 15

Describe the classical pathway for complements. (2 marks)

Answer 15

-the protein complex C1q interacts with pathogen surface
-induces the formation of C3 convertase which cleaves C3 leaving C3b bound to the surface and releasing C3a

Question 16

Describe the lectin pathway for complements. (2 marks)

Answer 16

-mannose binding lectin (MBL) which acts similar to C1q binds to sugars that are specifically found on bacteria, fungi and viruses
-induces the formation of C3 convertase which cleaves C3 leaving C3b bound to the surface and releasing C3a

Question 17

Describe the alternative pathway for complements. (2 marks)

Answer 17

-initiated when a complement component binds to the surface of a pathogen
-can act as an amplification loop for all 3 complement pathways

Question 18

State 3 ways our Cell Mediated Immunity protects us. (3 marks)

Answer 18

-activating macrophages and NK cells
-stimulating cytokine secretion
-activating antigen specific cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

Question 19

Cell Mediated Immunity most effective in destroying cells infected with v____, ______ bacteria and c______.

Answer 19

viruses, intracellular bacteria, cancer

Question 20

What immune system deals with intracellular pathogens

Answer 20

Cell mediated immunity

Question 21

What immune system deals with extracellular pathogens

Answer 21

Humoral immuntiy

Question 22

What is the role of CD28

Answer 22

is to activate T-cells and promote survival through co-stimulatory signals.

Question 23

In an experiment concerning antibodies, why is it important to treat one group with a control antibody. (3 marks)

Answer 23

So we can compare the severity of the disease and see the effects of the added blocker. We also need to know if the carrier antibody had any effects.

Question 24

In an experiment, what samples would you take if you wished to determine effects of production of IgA. (2 marks)

Answer 24

IgA is produced in the lining of internal organs so saliva-mucus. It is also abundant in breastmilk.