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Y2 Health & Society > Block 9 - part 1 > Flashcards

Block 9 - part 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

EBDM definition

A

Process for identifying and using most up to date evidence to inform decisions for individual and patient problems.

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2
Q

4 things ebdm involves

A

patient preferences
available resources
research evidence
clinical expertise

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3
Q

Why do we need ebdm?

A

Limited time to read, textbooks inadequate, disparity between clinical judgement and clinical performance.

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4
Q

Different types of research studies (6)

A 
Cohort
Case control
RCT
Qualitative approaches
Diagnostic/screening studies
Systematic reviews
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5
Q

When are cohort studies usefull

A

prognosis, cause

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6
Q

when are case control studies used

A

cause

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7
Q

when are RCTs used

A

treatments
benefits and harm
cost effectiveness

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8
Q

when are qualitative approaches used

A

patient/practitioners perspectives

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9
Q

When are diagnostic/screening studies used

A

identification

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10
Q

when are systematic reviews used

A

summary of evidence for a specific question

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11
Q

5 steps of process of ebdm

A

Convert need for info into answerable question
identify best evidence
critically appraise evidence
integrate critical appraisal with clinical expertise and pt circumstances
evaluate effectiveness of prev steps

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12
Q

4 steps to smoking cessation

A

Health education/enhance motive to quit
brief advice from health professional
Advice/nicotine replacement/follow up from specialist
specialised counselling rooms and agencies working within group sessions

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13
Q

define antibiotic resistance

A

bacteria change so antibiotics no longer work in people who need them to treat infections

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14
Q

2 reasons for widespread antibiotics use

A

increase in global availability

uncontrolled sale in low/middle income countries

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15
Q

5 causes of antibiotic resistance

A 
use in livestock for growth promotion
releasing antibiotics into environment during manufacture
volume of antibiotic prescribing
missing doses
inappropriate prescribing
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16
Q

5 ways to prevent antibiotic resistance

A

using antibiotics only when prescribed by doctor
completing prescription
never sharing antibiotics/using leftover prescriptions
only prescribing when necessary
use correct antibiotic

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17
Q

5 factors which influence infection

A

infectious agents, environment, mode of transmission, portal f entry, host factors

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18
Q

Infectious agents

A

ability to reproduce, survival, ability to spread, infectivity, pathogenicity

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19
Q

environment

A

contamination, other humans, animals, water

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20
Q

mode of transmission

A

droplet, airborne, aerosol, direct consumption, fecal-oral, blood, sexual, zoonosis

21
Q

portal of entry

A

mouth, nose,ears, genital tract, skin

22
Q

host factors

A

chronic illness, nutrition, immunity, lifestyle

23
Q

10 most important diseases in UK

A 
Diptheria
Haemophilius influenzae
Measles
Mumps
Poliomyelitis
Rubella
Pneumococcal disease
Tetanus
Whooping cough
24
Q

4 most important diseases in developing countries

A

Pneumonia
chronic diarrhoea
malaria
HIV/AIDS

25
Q

Define surveillance

A

Systematic collection and analysis of data and dissemination of results so that appropriate control measures can be taken.

26
Q

3 purposes of surveillance

A

early warning for impending PH emergencies
Document impact of intervention/track progress
Monitor and clarify epidemiology of health problems.

27
Q

Which infectious diseases are becoming more common in the UK?

A

Hospital acquired: MRSA, STIs, mumps

28
Q

Define nosocomial

A

Originating in hospital

29
Q

More common nosocomial examples

A

UTI, pneumonia, LRTI, surgical wounds, septicaemia

30
Q

Less common nosocomial examples

A

chicken pox, TB, legionella, MRSA

31
Q

Feature of less common nosocomial infections

A

More dangerous

32
Q

How can risk of nosocomial infection be reduced?

A

Prevention
Detection/investigation/control
Policies/procedure

33
Q

Measures of prevention

A

Hand washing, infection control programs, advisory service, surveillance, sterilisation and decontamination of instruments

34
Q

Detection/control measures

A

screening, barrier nursing/isolation, sharp disposal

35
Q

Policies/procedures measures

A

Dissemination and implementation of policies, education/training, monitor clinical practice

36
Q

What is international health

A

health defined by geography, problems, instruments, and recipient donor relationship

37
Q

What is global health?

A

health of global population, improving health and equality, emphasises transnational health issues

38
Q

4 major functions of global health

A

Provide health related public goods, manage cross national externalities, mobilise global solidarity, convene stakeholders to reach consensus on key issues

39
Q

Motivation for public health

A

Increased awareness of global health disparities, enthusiasm to make a difference internationally

40
Q

90/10 gap

A

Less than 10% of worldwide health resources devoted to health research were put towars health in developing countries, where 90% of all preventable deaths worldwide occured.

41
Q

Solution of 90/10 gap

A

Regulation of quality of imported food/medicines/etc
timely access to info of global spread of infectious disease
Sufficient vaccine/drugs in pandemic
Sufficient corps of well-trained health personnel

42
Q

Impact of travel and migration diseases in UK

A

Spread infectious disease
transmission of behaviour and culture increases risk of non-communicable diseases
may introduce diseases to new population
more in contact with animals (zoonosis)
migrants may bring diseases to countries which have not been exposed.

43
Q

WHO definition of environment

A

All physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related behaviours.

44
Q

What does environmental health consist of

A

preventing/controlling disease, injury, and disability related to interactions between people and their environment

45
Q

Define outbreak

A

sudden increase in occurrences of a disease in a community which has never experienced the disease before, or when causes of disease occur in numbers greater than expected in a defined area.

46
Q

Define epidemic

A

occurrence of a group of illnesses of similar nature and derived from a common source, in excess of what would normally be expected in a community or region

47
Q

Define pandemic

A

Worldwide epidemic

48
Q

5 ways to prevent epidemics

A

Insure poor countries against threat of pandemic, funds and responders to country with outbreak, development of vaccines, fast/early/planned response, monitor disease to prevent future outbreaks

49
Q

Role of WHO in PH

A

Providing leadership on health matter
Engaging in partnership where joint action needed
Shaping research agenda
Setting norms and standards
Articulating ethical and EB policy options
Technical support
Monitoring situation and trends

Y2 Health & Society (15 decks)

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