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Y2 Health & Society > Block 13 - part 1 > Flashcards

Block 13 - part 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Percentage of deaths caused by CHD in UK

A

29% men, 28% women

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2
Q

why are death rates from CHD falling

A

improved risk factors, better treatments

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3
Q

effect of health inequalities on CHD

A

lower social class at higher risk - health behaviours

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4
Q

4 non-modifiable risk factors for CHD

A

increased age, fam hx, gender (men> before age of 60), race (high rate for african americans and asians)

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5
Q

modifiable risks for CHD

A

Elevated blood cholesterol, high LDL, low HDL, High BP, diabetes, smoking,obesity, inactivity, excessive alcohol, excessive stress

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6
Q

risk

A

probability of an event in a given time period

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7
Q

equation for risk ratio

A 
risk ratio = risk (exposed)/risk (unexposed)
a= risk and disease present
b= risk present, disease absent
c= risk absent, disease present
d = risk and disease absent
RR=a/(a+b)/c/(c+d)
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8
Q

equation for risk difference

A

risk(exposed)-risk(unexposed)

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9
Q

odds ratio

A

probability of disease occurring in exposed group/probability of disease occurring in unexposed group

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10
Q

equation for odds ratio

A 
a= risk and disease present
b= risk present, disease absent
c= risk absent, disease present
d = risk and disease absent

OR = (a/c)/(b/d)
=(ad)/(bc)

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11
Q

population attributable risk

A

the risk of disease will increase as the exposure prevalence or relative risk increases

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12
Q

leading cause of cancer mortality

A

lung cancer

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13
Q

main risk factors for lung cancer

A

smoking, radon, asbestos, environmental tobacco exposure, genetics, other lung diseases, prior radiation in chest area

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14
Q

percentage of lung cancer caused by smoking

A

90%

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15
Q

second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking

A

radon

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16
Q

types of lung cancer

A 
small cell (13%), non small cell (87%): Adenocarcinoma (>40%), squamous cell carcinoma (20%), large cell carcinoma (2%)
Mesotheloma
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17
Q

number of people in world infected with TB

A

1/3 of world population

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18
Q

deaths by TB each year

A

3 million

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19
Q

factors associated with recent increases in prevalence of TB

A

urban homelessness, IV drug use, growing neglect of TB control programs, AIDS epidemic

20
Q

time of year for peak TB incidence

A

spring/summer

21
Q

4 things which can be done to address riding rates of TB

A

put more people on ART, new vaccine, improved drugs, diagnose better

22
Q

prevention paradox

A

a preventative measure which brings large benefits to the community offers little to each participating individual

23
Q

pros of ‘high risk’ approaches to health promotion

A

appropriate to individual, motivated subject, motivated clinician, cost-effective resource use, benefit for risk is high

24
Q

cons of ‘high risk’ approaches to health promotion

A

screening is difficult, palliative and temporary, limited potential as not many people at high risk, labelling

25
Q

pros of ‘population’ approach to health promotion

A

large potential as targeting many peopl

26
Q

cons of ‘population’ approach to health promotion

A

prevention paradox, poor motivation - compliance issues, small individual benefit, benefit for risk is lost

27
Q

examples of occupational lung disease

A

occupational asthma, COPD, pneumoconiosis, toxic pneumonitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, infections including TB, malignancy of lung and pleura

28
Q

how has occupational health risks changed over time

A

better environment control and health and safety, depends on health of population and local industry, diagnosis of occupational lung diseases has improved, biological factors (predisposing/genetic)

29
Q

occupational asthma

A

characterised by airway inflammation, reversible airways obstruction, and bronchospasm, caused by something in workplace environment

30
Q

causes of occupational asthma

A

bakers, welders, paint sprayers, laboratory workers

31
Q

expected Hx from pt with occupatinal asthma

A

symptoms worse at work and better away from work, e.g. weekends and holidays, peak flow falls at work and improves away from work

32
Q

occupational causes of COPD

A

coal mining, agriculture, construction, dock workers, brick making

33
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

occupational restrictive lung disease caused by inhalation of dust (coal dust, silica, asbestos)

34
Q

simple coal workers pneumoconiosis

A

after around 10 years coal mining, small nodules are present, shouldn’t cause major impairment in lung function, some coal workers have symptoms of chronic bronchitis

35
Q

possible complications with coal workers pneumoconiosis

A

scarred fibrotic lung distorts remaining lung (gross obstruction and restriction)

36
Q

silicosis (type of pneumoconiosis)

A

occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust, marked by inflammation and scarring in the form of nodular lesions in upper

37
Q

siderosis

A

deposition of iron in lung tissues - no effect on lungs so no associated fibrosis or narrowed airways

38
Q

acute pneumonia

A

acute inhalation of a substance that causes symptoms immediately, can be caused by chlorine, ammonia, organic chemicals, metallic compounts, form of acute RDS

39
Q

hypersensitive pneumonia

A

type 3 hypersensitivity reaction, inflammation of the alveoli due to inhaled organic dust

40
Q

causes of hypersensitive pneumonia

A

bird fancier’s lung (due to feathers and bird droppings), farmer’s lung (due to mouldy hay), metalworking fluids

41
Q

% of lung cancers in men related to occupation

A

10%

42
Q

asbestos

A

used a lot in 1950s and 1960s as a building material, fire retardant and could be used as cement.

43
Q

problem with asbestos

A

found to cause malignant mesothelioma (pleural tumour) in 1960s

44
Q

two types of asbestor fibre

A

serpentine (curly, white asbestos (relatively harmless), cleared with mucocilliary escalator)
amphibole (short sharp blue/brown asbestos - malignant potential)

45
Q

mesothelioma

A

cancer of mesothelium, almost invariably caused by exposure to asbestos, latency period of around 40 years

46
Q

where are claims submitted for compensation for occupational illness in the UK

A

disability benefits centre of benefits agency (DSS)

Y2 Health & Society (15 decks)

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