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PHARMACOLOGY 2 > BLOCK 9 > Flashcards

BLOCK 9 Flashcards

1
Q

When is paracetemol used?

A

when NSAIDs cant be e.g. in a patient with a gastric ulcer

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2
Q

how does paracetemol work/

A

it inhibits the COX enzyme or it affects the hypothalamus, giving the antipyretic effects

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3
Q

what drug class is amoxicillin?

A

a beta-lactam antibiotic

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4
Q

which bacteria does amoxicillin work against?

A

a wide range of gram-positive and a limiged range of gram-negative bacteria

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5
Q

how does amoxicillin work?

A

it binds to penicillin binding protein 1A located inside bacterial cell walls, inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. then, cell lysis is mediated by autolytic enzymes

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6
Q

what can amoxicillin be taken with to overcome antibiotic resistance?

A

clavulanic acid

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7
Q

what drug class is methicillin?

A

a transpeptide inhibitor

and a beta-lactam antibiotic

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8
Q

how does methicillin work?

A

it inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidase enzymes

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9
Q

what drug class is cefuroxime?

A

beta lactam/transpeptidase inhibitor

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10
Q

how does cefuroxime work?

A

Interact directly with PBPs and inhibit transpeptidase activity

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11
Q

can cefuroxime cross the blood brain barrier?

A

yes

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12
Q

what drug class is benzylpenicillin?

A

a transpeptidase inhibitor and a beta lactam antibiotuc

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13
Q

how does benzylpenicillin work?

A

it binds to penicillin binding proteins which inhibits cell wall synthesis

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14
Q

what drug class is oxytetracycline?

A

a 30S inhibitor

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15
Q

how does oxytetracycline work?

A

it inhibits bacterial cell wall growth by binding to the A site of the ribosome, causing inhibition of translation

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16
Q

what drug class is erythromycin?

A

a 50S inhibitor

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17
Q

what is erythromycin used to treat?

A

respiratory infections, syphillis, skin infections ad chronic prostatitis

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18
Q

how does erythromycin work?

A

it reversibly binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes blocking the translocation of peptides to the donor site, inhibiting protein synthesis

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19
Q

what type of antibiotic is gentamicin?

A

a 30S/50S inhibitor

its a broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic

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20
Q

what are the indications for gentamicin?

A

bacterial eye infections, diabetic foot infections, gram+bacterial endocarditis, septicaemia, meningitis, biliary-tract infections, pneumonia, prostatitis

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21
Q

what type of antibiotic is rifampicin?

A

Antimycobacterial drug
a RNA/DNA polymerase inhibitor
a broad spectrum antibiotic

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22
Q

how does rifampicin work?

A

it inhibits DNA-dependant RNA polymerase leading to suppression of RNA synthesis and cell death

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23
Q

what are the indications of rifampicin?

A

mostly restricted to mycobacterial infections (e.g. Tb) due to the emergence of resistance

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24
Q

what type of drug is trimethoprim?

A

a folate antagonist

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25
Q

what are the indications of trimethoprim?

A

UTI, acute and chronic bronchitis

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26
Q

how does trimethoprim work?

A

it binds to dihydrofolate reductase inhibiting the reduction of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid- this inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis

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27
Q

what type of drug is sulfamethoxazole?

A

a sulfonamide drug

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28
Q

what are the indications of sulfamethoxazole?

A

bronchitis, prostatitis, UTI

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29
Q

how does sulfamethoxazole work?

A

it competes with PABA in binding to dihydrofolate synthesase which inhibits the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis= inhibits bacterial growth

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30
Q

what type of drug is vancomycin?

A

Glycopeptide

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31
Q

when is vancomycin used?

A

when all other antibiotics have failed

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32
Q

what type of drug is colistin?

A

a polymyxin antibiotic agent

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33
Q

how does colistin work?

A

it disrupts the bacterial cell membrane changing its permeability and it can precipitate cytoplasmic components

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34
Q

what type of antibiotic is ciprofloxacin?

A

a broad spectrum antibiotic (quinolone)

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35
Q

what drug class is fusidic acid?

A

a bacteriostatic antibiotic

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36
Q

how does fusidic acid work?

A

it inhibits the translocation of the elongation factor G from the ribosome, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis

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37
Q

what type of drug is ibuprofen?

A

NSAID

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38
Q

how does ibuprofen work?

A

it inhibits COX-2 reversibly which decreases the synthesis of prostaglandinswhich are involved in mediating inflammation, pain, fever and swelling. its thought that it may also act on the hypothalamus to give the anti-pyretic effects

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39
Q

what drug class is aspirin?

A

NSAID

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40
Q

how does aspirin work?

A

It directly and irreversibly inhibits COX 1 and COX 2 which decreases the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes
the effects last for the lifetime of the platelets (7-10 days)

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41
Q

what type of drug is Aciclovir?

A

an antiviral agent

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42
Q

how does Aciclovir work?

A

through a series of reactions aciclovir is converted to aciclovir triphosphate which competeitbely inhibits viral DNA polumerase by integrating itself into DNA and acting as a termination signal

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43
Q

what are the indications of Aciclovir?

A

herpes simplex virus

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44
Q

what type of drug is amantadine?

A

an antiviral drug and an antiparkinson agent when combined with L-dopa

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45
Q

how does amantadine work as an antiviral agent?

A

it inhibits the viral protein M2 which is needed for the viral particle to become uncoated once its taken inside the cell

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46
Q

what type of drug is diamorphine?

A

an analgesic and opiate receptor agonist

47
Q

what are the indications of amantadine

A

various strains of influenza A virus

48
Q

how does diamorphine work?

A

it reduces the production of endogenous opiods, stopping pain

49
Q

what type of drug is amprenavir?

A

a protease inhibitor

50
Q

what are the indications of amprenavir?

A

HIV-1

51
Q

how does amprenavir work?

A

it inhibits HIV-1 protease which results in the formation of immature non-infectious viral particles

52
Q

what type of drug is phenoxymethylpenicillin?

A

a narrow spectrum antibiotic

53
Q

what is phenoxymethylpenicilin used to treat?

A

infections caused by susceptible gram positibe aerobic organisms

54
Q

how does phenoxymethylpenicillin work?

A

it inhibits bacterial cell wall biosynthesis by binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins inside the bacterial cell wall = lysis is mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes

55
Q

what type of drug is zidovudine?

A

a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

56
Q

what is zidovudine used to treat?

A

HIV-1

57
Q

how does zidovudine work?

A

it competes for incorporation into viral DNA which inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase via DNA chain termination = termination of viral DNA growth

58
Q

What type of drug is clotrimazole?

A

Anti-fungal therapy - azole

59
Q

How does clotrimazole work?

A

It inhibits yeast demethylase that’s meant to convert lanosterol to ergosterol which leads to increased membrane permeability and disruption of membrane bound enzymes

60
Q

What type of drug is fluconazole?

A

Anti fungal - azole

61
Q

How does fluconazole work?

A

It inhibits 14 alpha demethylase which converts lanosterol to ergosterol so inhibition leads to increased membrane permeability and possibly disruption of membrane bound enzymes

62
Q

What are the indications for clotrimazole?

A

Ring worm
Jock itch
Athletes foot

63
Q

What are the indications of fluconazole?

A

Vaginal candidiasis

Oropharyngeal or oesophageal candidiasis

64
Q

What type of drug is nystatin?

A

An anti fungal - polyene

65
Q

What is nystatins mechanism of action?

A

It binds to ergosterol on fungal cell membranes causing the formation of pores in the membrane and leading to potassium and other cellular constituents leakage causing cell death

66
Q

What are the indications of nystatin?

A

Prevention of oral, anal and intestinal candidiasis

67
Q

What type of drug is amphitericin?

A

An antifungal - polyene

68
Q

How does amphotericin work?

A

Binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes causing the formation of pores in the membrane and leading to cellular constituent leakage = cell death

69
Q

What are the indications of amphotericin?

A

Life threatening fungal infections

70
Q

What type of drug is pyrimethamine?

A

An anti malarial therapy

71
Q

How does pyrimethamine work?

A

Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase of plasmodia and thereby blocks the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines which are essential for DNA synthesis and cell multiplication
This leads to the failure of nuclear division at the time of schizont formation in erythrocytes and hepatocytes

72
Q

What are the indications of pyrimethamine?

A

Treating uncomplicated chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria and toxoplasmosis

73
Q

What type of drug is quinine?

A

An anti malarial

74
Q

How does quinine work?

A

It inhibits the parasites ability to break down and digest hemoglobin causing the parasite to starve and build up toxic levels of partially degraded Hb

75
Q

What are the indications of quinine?

A

Chloroquine resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria

76
Q

What type of drug is artemether?

A

A peroxide anti malarial

77
Q

How does artemether work?

A

Artemether comes into contact with heme in the parasite vacuole causing a range of potentially toxic oxygen and carbon centred radicals

78
Q

What are the indications of artemether?

A

treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum

79
Q

What type of drug is griseofulvin?

A

a fungal mitosis inhibitor

80
Q

what is griseofulvin a metabolic product of?

A

penicillium spp.

81
Q

what are the indications of griseofulvin?

A

tinea corporals, tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea barbae, tinea capitis, tinea unguium

82
Q

what type of drug class is clobetasone?

A

a glucocorticoid nuclear hormone receptor agonist

83
Q

what is clobetasone’s mechanism of action?

A

bind to receptors causing the formation of a receptor-ligand complex, which translocates into the cell nucleus, where it binds to glucocorticoid response elements, causing the increase/decrease in expression of specific target genes

84
Q

what are the indications of clobetasone?

A 
eczema
psoriasis
prickly heat rash
insect bites and stings
nappy rash
85
Q

what type of drug is fusidic acid?

A

a bacteriostatic antibiotic

86
Q

what is fusidic acid’s mechanism of action?

A

it inhibits the translocation of the elongation factor G from the ribosome, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis

87
Q

what are the indications for fusidic acid?

A

staphylococcal skin infections
non-bulluos impetigo
secondary bacterial infection of eczema

88
Q

what type of drug is dacarbazine?

A

a monofunctional alkylating agent

89
Q

what are the indications for dacarbazine?

A

hodgkins

90
Q

what type of drug is cyclophosphamide?

A

a bifunctional alkylating agent

91
Q

what is cyclophosphamide used to treat?

A

lymphoma and leukaemia

92
Q

what type of drug is rituximab?

A

a genetically engineered monoclonal antibody directed against CD20 antigen found on the surface of normal and malignant B lymphocytes

93
Q

what is rituximab used to treat?

A

Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and rheumatoid arthritis

94
Q

what type of drug is doxorubicin?

A

A DNA/RNA synthesis inhibitor

95
Q

what is doxorubicin used to treat?

A

cancers of the ovary, prostate, stomach, thyroid; small cell cancer of lung, liver; squamous cell cancer of head and neck; multiple myeloma, Hodgkin’s disease, lymphomas, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

96
Q

how does doxorubicin work?

A

it compoxes with DNA and then inhibits topoisomerase 2 activity

97
Q

why type of drug is paclitaxal?

A

a microtubule stabilisation agent

98
Q

what is paclitaxel used to treat?

A

breast cancer
ovarian cancer
non-small cell lung cancer

99
Q

what type of drug is 5-flourouracil?

A

a prymidine analogue

100
Q

what type o drug is etoposide?

A

a DNA topoisomerase 2 inhibitor

101
Q

how does etoposide work?

A

it inhibits DNA topoisomerase 2, inhibiting DNA re-ligation causing critical errors in DNA synthesiss and leading to apoptosis of cancer cells

102
Q

what are the indications of etoposide?

A

lung and testicular cancer

103
Q

what type of drug is vinblastine?

A

a tubulin polymerase inhibitor

104
Q

what are the indications of vinblastine?

A

bladder cancer

breast, testicular and kidney cancer too

105
Q

what type of drug is imatinib?

A

a tyrosine kinase inhibitor

106
Q

what are the indications of imatinib?

A

chronic myeloid leukaemia, GI stromal tumours

107
Q

how does imatinib work?

A

it targets Bcr-ABL tyrosine kinase causing inhibition of cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis

108
Q

what type of drug is tretinoin?

A

a vitamin A analogue

109
Q

what is tretinoin used to treat?

A

acne
photodamaged skin
kertainisation disorders e.g. ichthyosis

110
Q

When is colistin used?

A

As last resort treatment for multidrug resistance gram negative infections e.g. pneumonia

111
Q

What is fusidic acid used to treat?

A

Skin infections caused by staphylococcal bacteria

112
Q

what are the main adverse side effects of zidovudine?

A

decreased blood cells
hepatomegaly
myopathy
lactic acidosis

113
Q

what are the main adverse side effects of protease inhibitors?

A

metabolic abnormalities e.g. dyslipidaemia

PHARMACOLOGY 2 (7 decks)

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