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PHARMACOLOGY 2 > BLOCK 13 > Flashcards

BLOCK 13 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of drug is Paclitaxal?

A

a microtubule stabilisation agent (antineoplastic

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2
Q

what is paclitaxals moa?

A

binds to the beta subunit of tubulin causing hyperstabilization of the microtubule which prevents the cell from undergoing disassembly. This adversely affects cell function
also binds to Bcl-2 inducing apoptosis

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3
Q

what type of drug is cisplatin?

A

an anti neoplastic alkylating agent

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4
Q

what is cisplatins moa?

A

either attachment of alkyl groups to DNA bases, crosslinking DNA or inducing the nucleotide mispairing

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5
Q

what type of drug is isoniazid?

A

a bactericicdal agent

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6
Q

what is isoniazid target?

A

mycobacterium (specifically M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. kansasii)

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7
Q

what is isoniazids moa?

A

once activated it inhibits the synthesis of mycoloic acids, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall

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8
Q

what type of drug is ethambutol?

A

a bactericidl agent

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9
Q

what is ethambutol effective against?

A

actively growing mycobacterium

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10
Q

what is ethambutols moa?

A

inhibits arabinosyl transferases which inhibits bacterial cell wall production, increasing cell wall permeability

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11
Q

what is pyrazinamide used to treat?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis (only active at slightly acid pH)

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12
Q

what is pyrazinamides moa?

A

interfering with fatty acid synthases, disrupting the membrane potential and energy production or binding to the ribosomal protein S1

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13
Q

what type of drug is salbutamol?

A

a beta 2 adrenergic agonist

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14
Q

what are salbutamols 2 isomers?

A

the R-isomer is levalbuterol and this is responsible for bronchodilation
the S-isomer increases bronchial reactivity

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15
Q

what is salbutamols moa?

A

stimulates beta 2 adrenoreceptors leading to adenyl cyclase activation, increasig cAMP concentration and activating protein kinase A. This lowers intracellular Ca2+ concentrations causing smooth muscle relaxation
(it also inhibits the release of bronchoconstricting agents from mast cells_

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16
Q

what type of drug is salmeterol?

A

a beta 2 adrenergic agonist

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17
Q

what is salmeterols moa?

A

it binds to exosites near beta 2 adrenoreceptors in the lungs and bronchiolar smooth muscle which allows the active portion of the molecules to remain at the receptor site, continually binding and releasing.

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18
Q

what is salmeterol used for?

A

prevention - when used regularly it decreases the number and severity of asthma attacks but it cannot relieve an attack that has alreasy started

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19
Q

whats the difference in duration of action between salmeterol and salbutamol?

A

salmeterol lasts 12 hours whilst salbutamol lasts 4-6

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20
Q

whats the difference between salmeterol and formoterol?

A

formoterol has a faster onset of action and is more potent

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21
Q

what type of drug is budesonide?

A

an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid

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22
Q

why does budesonide need to be formulated as an extended release tablet?

A

because it undergoes significant first pass elimination so this delays its release until exposure to the small intestine

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23
Q

what type of drug is montelukast?

A

a leukotriene receptor antagonist

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24
Q

what is montelukast used for?

A

as an alternative to anti-inflammatory medications in the management of asthma and exercise induced bronchospasm

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25
Q

what is montelukasts moa?

A

it selectively antagonizes leukotriene D4 at CysLT1 receptors, preventing airway oedema, smooth muscle contraction and enhanced secretion of thick, viscous mucus

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26
Q

what type of drug is ipratropium?

A

an anticholinergic agent

27
Q

what is ipratropium used for?

A

as a bronchodilator in the management of cholinergic-mediated bronchospasm (associated with COPD)

28
Q

what is ipratropiums moa?

A

it non-seletively inhibits muscarinic cholinergic receptors, resulting in a decrease in cGMP concentration. This causes a decrease in smooth muscle contraction

29
Q

what type of drug is verapamil?

A

a class 4 anti-arrhythmia agent

30
Q

what is verapamil moa?

A

in the heart it blocks L-type calcium chanells causing a reduction in ionotropy and chronotropy, reducing hR and BP

31
Q

what type of drug is diltiazem?

A

a Ca2+ channel inhibitor

32
Q

what is diltiazem used to treat?

A

hypertension, chronic stable angina pectoris and prinzmetals variant agina

33
Q

what is diltiazem moa?

A

it inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes

34
Q

what type of drug is atenolol?

A

a beta 1 selective antagonist

35
Q

whats likely to be used instead of atenolol?

A

bisoprolol

36
Q

what type of drug is atropine?

A

an antimuscarinic (M2) agent

37
Q

what are the indications for atropine?

A

bradycardia

38
Q

what type of drug is glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)?

A

a vasodilator

39
Q

what is GTN given for?

A

angina pectoris or perioperative hypertension to produce controlled hypotension

40
Q

what is glyceryl trinitrates moa?

A

its converted to nitric oxide which activates guanylate cyclase, stimulating the synthesis of cGMP which activates protein kinase G leading to dephosphorylation of myosin light chain causing decreased intracellular Ca2+ = smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation

41
Q

what type of drug is amiodarone?

A 
a vaughan williams class 3 antiarrhythmic agent
K+ channel blocker
42
Q

what is amiodarones moa?

A

prolonging the myocardial cell action proteintial by blocking K+ channels duration
or acting as a non-copeitiive alpha and beta adrenergic inhibitor

43
Q

what type of drug is adenosine?

A

an endogenous nucleoside

44
Q

what is adenosins moa?

A

actvating A1 and A2 adenosine receptors which causes inhibition of the slow inward calcium current and activation of adenylate cyclase in smooth muscle cells = relaxation

45
Q

what is adenosine given for?

A

Rapid reversion to sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias

46
Q

what type of drug is lidocaine?

A

an anaesthetic agent class 1b

47
Q

what is lidocaines moa?

A

blocks voltage sensitive Na+ channels during phase 0 of the cardiac action potential, slowing and depressing impulse conduction

48
Q

what is lidocaine used to treat?

A

ventricular tachycarrhythmias assocated with MI

49
Q

what class of drug is lidocaine?

A

a class 1 b sodium channel blocker/ anaesthetic agent

50
Q

what is lidocaine moa?

A

blocks voltage sensitive Na+ channels during phase 0 of the cardiac action potential, thus slowing and depressing impulse conduction.

51
Q

what is lidocaine used to treat

A

ventricular tachyarrythmias

52
Q

what class of drug is quinidine?

A

class 1a antiarrthmic

53
Q

what class of drug is procainamide?

A

class 1a anti arrhythmic

54
Q

what class of drug is phenytoin (vaughan williams)?

A

class 1b antiarrythmic

55
Q

what class of drug is flecainide (vaughan williams)?

A

class 1c antiarrythmic

56
Q

what class of drug is propafenone (vaughan williams)?

A

class 1 c antiarrhytmic

57
Q

what class of drug is verapamil (vaughan williams)?

A

class 4 antiarrythmic

58
Q

what class of drug is sotalol (vaughan williams)?

A

class 3 antiarrythic

59
Q

what class of drug is metoprolol (vaughan williams)?

A

class 2 antiarrythnic

60
Q

what do class 1 antiarrythnics do?

A

block Na+ channels

61
Q

what do class 2 antiarrythmics do?

A

block beta 1 receptors

62
Q

what do class 3 antiarrythmics do?

A

block K+ channels

63
Q

what do class 4 antiarrythmics do?

A

block Ca2+ channels

PHARMACOLOGY 2 (7 decks)

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