Block 8 Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Flailing injuries
A
Injuries sustained due to lack of arm or leg restraints or ejection at high air speed
2
Q
Skeleton G suit
A
abdomen down
3
Q
Full coverage G suit
A
Feet up
4
Q
Maximum daily exposure without Active noise reduction
A
Can be exceeded in as little as half an hour
5
Q
Why can’t sunscreen be used in the cockpit
A
Can’t apply frequently enough
Can degrade the mask
Can be flammable
6
Q
Three shunts in fetal circulation
A
Ductus Arteriosus
Foramen Ovale
Ductus Venosus
7
Q
Ductus Arteriosus
A
Pulmonary artery => aorta
8
Q
Foramen ovale
A
Right atrium => left atrium
9
Q
Ductus Venosus
A
Bypasses liver
10
Q
Organogenesis time
A
4-16 weeks
11
Q
Organogenesis
A
Formation of major airways
Formation of bronchial tree and portions of respiratory parenchyma
Birth of the acinus
12
Q
Differentiation time
A
16 weeks - birth
13
Q
Airway liquid clearance
A
Na+ reabsorption before birth
Mechanical forces During vaginal delivery
Pressure gradients of first breaths after delivery
14
Q
Pulmonary complications for preterms
A
Smaller diameter airways
Reduced airway surface area
Lack of effective surfactant
15
Q
Surfactant production
A
Begins around 26 weeks
16
Q
Manifestations/symptoms of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
A
Tachypnnea Grunting Nasal flaring Chest wall retractions Increasing FiO2 requirement
17
Q
How do infants maintain thermoregulation?
A
Non-shivering thermogenesis
Vasoconstriction
Sweating
18
Q
Risks for hypothermia in neonates
A
Larger surface area relative to body mass
Little white fat for insulation
Thin skin
Extended posture
Increased oxygen consumption to maintain thermic stability
Limited stores of BAT
19
Q
Periventricular leukomalacia
A
Major form of cerebral white matter injury affecting preterm infants
White matter damage due to hypoxic-ischemic injury
20
Q
Percent of time spent wave riding
A
3-5%
21
Q
Percent of time spent paddling
A
40%
22
Q
Percent of time spent stationary
A
50%
23
Q
Percent of time spent miscellaneous
A
10%
24
Q
Role of wetsuits
A
Insulation Injury prevention Performance Proprioception Energy expenditure
25
Access points of wetsuits
Neck
Zipper
Cuff regions of arms
Ankle
26
Fluid loss during surfing results
Surf duration and body composition significantly correlated with fluid loss
27
Body weight lost in costa rica
0.98%
28
Body weight lost in Australia
0.94%
29
Body weight lost in San Diego
0.48%
30
Utilization of Surf apparel to dissipate heat during surfing
No significant difference found in skin temperature between wearing surf shirt, rash guard, or no shirt
31
Where in the body do surfers lose heat?
Thigh, calf, and abdomen
32
Where did surfers feel coldest
Calf, forearm, and chest
33
Where did surfers feel most uncomfortable
Chest
34
Where did surfers feel wettest
Lower legs, chest, upper back, lower back, and wrist
35
Smoothskin in the field
Upper chest, back, and lower back were significantly warmer
36
Smoothskin in the lab
Upper chest and lower back were found to be significantly warmer
37
Silicone in the field
No statistical significance in upper chest, upper back, and lower back
Abdomen was statistically significantly colder
38
Silicone in lab
Significantly warmer in upper back
| Colder in abdomen
39
Thermo light
No statistical significance
40
Graphene
Significantly colder than standard fleece in lower back
41
Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE)
Significantly colder in upper chest, lower arm, lower abdomen, upper leg, lower back, lower leg compared to polychloroprene foam
42
Class A Mishaps
```
Spatial Disorientation/Illusions/Misperceptions
Fatigue
Medications/Illnesses
Loss of consciousness
Diet/Nutrition
Hypoxia
Heat/Cold/Dehydration
```
43
G force
Measure of acceleration where 1 G is the force of gravity on the body
Gravitational force experienced during acceleration and/or change in direction
44
Gy axis
Left to right
45
Gx axis
Front to back
46
Gz axis
Top to bottom
47
Air plane turns right G force
+Gy
48
Air plane pitches up
+Gz
49
Air plane accelerates on runway
+Gx
50
For every 1G BP above heart decreases by
22 mmHg
51
FiO2
0.21
52
Patm at sea level
760 mmHg
53
PH2O at sea level
47 mmHg
54
PaCO2 at sea level
40 mmHg
55
RQ value
0.8
56
For every ___ m dive absolute pressure increases by ___ atm
10
| 1
57
Nitrogen Narcosis
Increase PN2 causes N2 to dissolve into blood and tissues
| Causes effects resembling alcohol intoxication
58
Martini's Law
15m of descent = 1 martini
59
Decompression sickness
Happens when diver returns to surface too quickly after deep dive
60
Treatment for decompression sickness
Recompress in hyperbaric chamber
61
PB falls by ___ for each ____ of ascent
1/2
| ~5500m
62
Acute adaptations to hypoxia
```
HVR
Hyperventilation
Increased HR and CO
Decreased food intake
Increased bicarb excretion
Decreased H+/acid excretion
Right shift begins
```
63
Long term adaptations to hypoxia
```
Increased ventilation
Bicarb excretion
Oxidative enzymes increased
Increased pulmonary diffusing capacity
Increased HIF-1
Increased HCT
Right shift
Weight loss
Decreased core temperature
```
64
HVR PAO2
Enhanced by 10-12 mmHg
65
Tibetans
Show HVR
| Similar to "pink puffer"
66
Bolivians
Do not show HVR
Polycythemia
Similar to "blue bloater"
67
Acute mountain sickness symptoms
Nausea
Headache
Sleep disturbance
Lassitude
68
Acute mountain sickness treatment
```
Descent
CO2
Acetazolamide
O2
Dexamethasone
```
69
High-altitude cerebral edema treatment
Descent
70
Chronic mountain sickness symptoms
```
Headache
Confusion
Sleeplessness
Cyanosis
Erythemic conjunctivae due to excessive polycythemia
```
71
Chronic mountain sickness treatment
Descent
| Phlebotomy
72
Gray out
Loss of blood flow to retina
No loss of consciousness
Orthostatic hypotension
73
Black out
Loss of blood flow to brain
| Loss of consciousness
74
White out
Hypoxia
| No loss of consciousless
75
Red out
Red vision
| Loss of consciousness
76
Body temperature 40-44
Heat stroke with multiple organ failure and brain lesions
77
Body temperature 38-40
Hyperthermia (as a result of fever or exercise)
78
Body temperature 36-38
Normal range
79
Body temperature 34-36
Mild hypothermia
80
Body temperature 30-34
Impairment of temperature regulation
81
Body temperature 27-29
Cardiac fibrillation
82
Diagnosis of CO poisoning
CO-oximetry
| Arterial blood gas
83
Treatment of CO poisoning
High-flow O2 to increase PAO2
| Hyperbaric chamber to increase PaO2
84
Endotherms
Generate the heat they need internally
85
Ectotherms
Body temperature depends on external heat sources
86
Homeotherms
Maintain stable body temperature by generation heat generally above external temperature
87
Mesotherms
Express characteristics and both endotherms and ectotherms
88
Poikilotherms
Do not regulate internal body temperature and rely on external environment
89
Large S:V ratio
Small animal
Lose a lot of heat
Increased metabolism
90
Bergmann's rule
Bigger animals are better for a colder environment
91
Core body temp varies based on:
Time of day
Physical activity
Time in menstrual cycle
Age
92
Anterior hypothalamus regulation of body temperature
Responds to increased core temp
| Sweating and increased skin blood flow
93
Posterior hypothalamus regulation of body temperature
Responds to decreased core temp
| Shivering, decreased skin blood flow, nonshivering thermogenesis
94
Resting metabolic rate influenced by
```
Sex
Body size
Fat
Age
Hormones
Fitness level
Temperature
```
95
Positive S value heat balance equation
raises core temp
96
Negative S value heat balance equation
Lowers core temp
97
Radiation
Transfer heat via infrared rays
98
Conduction
Heat loss due to contact with a surface
99
Convection
Heat transferred to air or water
100
Evaporation
Heat from skin converts water to water vapor
101
Motor unit
A single alpha motor neuron and all muscle fibers that it innervates
102
Motor neuron pool
All alpha motor neurons that innervate a single muscle
103
Innervation ration
alpha motor neurons: # muscle fibers
Smaller ratio in fingers
Larger ratio in gastroc muscle
104
Type I (slow twitch)
Membrane resistance is high
Small diameter neurons
Smaller motor units
105
Type II (fast twitch)
Membrane resistance is low
Large diameter neurons
Larger motor units
106
Force of contraction depends on:
of motor units recruited
Size of motor units
Frequency of motor neuron firing
Muscle and sarcomere stretch
107
Henneman's Size Principle
Type I -> Type IIa -> Type IIx
108
of mitochondria Type I
High
109
of mitochondria Type IIa
High/moderate
110
of mitochondria Type IIx
Low
111
Fatigue resistance Type I
High
112
Fatigue resistance Type IIa
High/moderate
113
Fatigue resistance Type IIx
Low
114
Major energy source Type I
Aerobic
115
Major energy source Type IIa
Combination
116
Major energy source Type IIx
Anaerobic
117
ATPase activity Type I
Low
118
ATPase activity Type IIa
High
119
ATPase activity Type IIx
Highest
120
Speed of fiber shortening Type I
Low
121
Speed of fiber shortening Type IIa
High
122
Speed of fiber shortening Type IIx
Highest
123
Efficiency Type I
High
124
Efficiency Type IIa
Moderate
125
Efficiency Type IIx
Low
126
Specific tension Type I
Moderate
127
Specific tension Type IIa
High
128
Specific tension Type IIx
High
129
Innervation ratio Type I
Small
130
Innervation ratio Type IIa
Large
131
Innervation ratio Type IIx
Largest
132
Concentric contraction
Sarcomeres shortened
Force generated
Positive work
133
Eccentric contraction
Sarcomeres lengthened
Deceleration of force
Negative work
134
Instant Energy
10-15 seconds
Stored ATP and creatine phosphate
Type IIx
135
Short-term energy
15 seconds - 2-3 minutes
Anaerobic metabolism of glucose
Type IIa
136
Long-term energy
2-3 minutes and beyond
Aerobic metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and some protein
Type I
137
VO2 max is dependent on:
Cardiac output
Oxygen delivery
Oxygen diffusion
138
Factors contributing to fatigue
Motivations
Physical fitness
Nutritional status
Types of motor units recruited
139
Recovery after exercise affected by
Fitness level
Temperature and humidity
Intensity and duration
140
Central fatigue
Changes in CNS
141
Peripheral fatigue
At the level of the muscle fiber
142
Apocrine sweat glands
Produce viscous secretions
| No role in temperature regulation
143
Eccrine sweat glands
Innervated by cholinergic sympathetic nerves
Secrete and reabsorb water and solutes
Regulate temperature
144
Senescence/Aging
Progressive changes during adult life that underline an increasing vulnerability to challenges faced by the organism
145
Primary aging
Intrinsic changes occurring with age, unrelated to disease or environmental influences
146
Secondary aging
Changes caused by the interaction of primary aging with environmental influences or disease processes
147
Frailty
A pathologic geriatric syndrome characterized by high susceptibility, impending decline in physical function and high risk of death
148
Hypotheses of aging mechanisms
Mutation-accumulation mechanism
Antagonistic pleiotropy
Disposable Soma theory
149
Mutation-accumulation mechanism
Mutated genes that don't have deleterious effects until advanced ages
150
Antagonistic pleiotropy
Genes with deleterious actions late in life increase evolutionary fitness in early adulthood
Aging is a byproduct of natural selection
151
Disposable Soma theory
Purpose of an organism is to procreate
152
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging
Damage caused by oxidative stress and other factors
Inadequate repair of damage
Dysregulation of cell number
153
Dysregulation of homeostasis of cell number
Hyperplasia, Neoplasia, or atrophy
| May be caused by decreased telomere length
154
Hyperplasia
Increased number of cells
155
Hypertrophy
Increased size of cells
156
Neoplasia
New cell/mass growth
157
Atrophy
Decline/shrinkage of tissue
158
Oxidative stress theory
Free oxygen radicals damage important molecules
159
Glycation theory
Formation of advanced glycation end products which can induce DNA damage
160
Mitochondrial theory
Damage to mitochondrial DNA form ROS => Less ATP generation => Loss of cell function => aging
161
DNA Damage theory
DNA damage is produced by radiation, ROS, making it lose the ability to repair itself
162
Necrosis
Response to severe cell trauma
| Unregulated
163
Apoptosis pathways
Extrinsic
Mitochondrial
Nuclear
164
Extrinsic apoptosis pathway
Extracellular signals activated internal caspase cascade => proteolysis
165
Mitochondrial apoptosis pathway
Damage to mitochondria => release cytochrome-c => cell committed to apoptosis
166
Nuclear apoptosis pathway
Activation of P53 => increased ratio of bax:bcl-2 => apoptosis
167
Gelsolin
Breaks down actin marking cell for death
168
MPTP
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
169
BAX
Pro-apoptosis
170
BCL-2
Prevents apoptosis
171
GFR in aging
Decreases in some older adults
172
Bladder in aging
Increase in urgency, frequency, and nocturia
173
Pulmonary function in aging
Loss of collagen and elastin structure
174
Exercise capacity in aging
Decreased VO2 max
175
Cardiovascular system in aging
Decreased arterial compliance
176
Bone in aging
Resorption > formation
177
Skin in aging
Thins and becomes less elastic
178
Endocrine system in aging
Decline in many hormone levels (exception = PTH)
179
Body mass in aging
Loss of lean mass
| Increased fat mass
180
Brain in aging
White matter loss
181
Sarcopenia definition
Age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function
182
Sarcopenia
Loss of number and size of muscle fibers
| Progressive loss of innervation of motor units
183
Slowing aging process in animals
Eat less food (caloric restriction)
