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Medical Physiology I > Block 2 Exam > Flashcards

Block 2 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the Central nervous system

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the three membranes of the CNS

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

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3
Q

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous system

A

Sensory nerves
Motor nerves
Peripheral ganglia

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4
Q

Sensory nerves

A

Afferent nerves

Periphery to CNS

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5
Q

Motor nerves

A

Efferent nerves

CNS to periphery

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6
Q

Peripheral ganglia

A

Nerve cells concentrated outside the CNS

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7
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Regulates and controls visceral functions

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8
Q

Four domains of typical neuron

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Presynaptic terminals

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9
Q

Vertebrate embryo layers

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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10
Q

Notochord

A

Direct ectoderm to form neural tube in a complex process called neurulation

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11
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

Nervous system

Skin

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12
Q

Two categories of defects of neural tube closure

A

Brain defects

Spina Bifida defects

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13
Q

Three brain defect examples

A

Anencephaly
Cephalocele
Meningocele

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14
Q

Anencephaly

A

Absence of brain, with massive defects in the skull, meninges, and scalp

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15
Q

Cephalocele

A

Partial brain herniation through a skull defect (cranium bifidum)

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16
Q

Meningocele

A

Meningeal herniation through a skull or spine defect

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17
Q

Three Spina bifida defect examples

A

Spina bifida occulta
Spina bifida cystica
Myelomeningocele

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18
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Vertebral arch defect only

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19
Q

Spina bifida cystica

A

Herniation of the dura and arachnoid through a vertebral defect

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20
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

Herniation of the spinal cord and meninges through a vertebral defect

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21
Q

Regional specialization

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombenecephalon

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22
Q

What does the prosencephalon divide into

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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23
Q

Telencephalon Neural tissue

A

Central hemispheres

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24
Q

Diencephalon Neural tissue

A

Thalamus
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus
Neuropituitary

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25
What does the Rhombencephalon divide into
Metencephalon | Myelencephalon
26
Metencephalon Neural tissue
Pons | Cerebellum
27
Myelencephalon Neural tissue
Medulla
28
Basal plate
Ventral horn | Motor neurons leave to innervate "efferent"
29
Alar plate
Dorsal horn | Receives sensory input "afferent"
30
Nuclei
Aggregates of neurons
31
What 4 things do progenitor cells produce?
Neurons Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal cells
32
What 5 things are stem cells able to do?
Proliferate Renew themselves over the life of the organism Create fully differentiated cells through progenitor cells Retain their multilineage potential throughout life Replace cells lost to injury or disease
33
Stem cell asymmetrical cell division
Create one stem cell and one progenitor cell
34
Progenitor cell
Cell that begins path to terminal differentiation
35
Stem cell symmetrical division
Create two new stem cells
36
What do stem cells produce
Neurons Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes
37
Wallerian degeneration
Loss of axonal structure distal to lesion
38
Chromatolysis
ER degenerates
39
Retrograde transneuronal degeneration
The retrograde neuron's terminals retract and the neuron degenerates
40
Anterograde transneuronal degeneration
The anterograde neuron degenerates
41
Five major areas of CNS
``` Telencephalon Cerebellum Diencephalon Brainstem Spinal cord ```
42
Parts of the brainstem
Midbrain Pons Medulla
43
Vestibulocerebellum
maintain body's balance
44
Spinocerebellum
Regulates muscle tone
45
Cerebrocerebellum
Coordinates motor behavior
46
Midbrain
Control eye movement
47
What nerves control eye movement
CN III and CN IV
48
What does the Pons control
Mastication Eye movement Facial muscles
49
What nerve controls mastication
CN V
50
What nerve controls facial muscles
CN VII
51
What nerve is responsible for sensory input from face, scalp, mouth and nose
CN V
52
What nerve is responsible for processing hearing and equilibrium
CN VIII
53
What muscles does the Medulla inervate?
Muscles of neck and tongue
54
What nerve innervates muscles of neck
CN XI
55
What nerve innervates muscles of tongue
CN XII
56
What nerves control blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, and digestion
CN IX and X
57
Ascending tracts
Mediate synaptic interactions within the spinal cord and convey information to more rostral areas of the CNS
58
Descending tracts
Control motor neurons whose cell bodies are in the ventral horn
59
PNS 4 main purposes
Transduces stimuli into raw sensory information through receptors Conveys sensory information to CNS Conveys motor signals from CNS to target organs Converts motor signals to chemical signals at synapses on target tissues
60
Peripheral nerves
Organization of axons in the PNS
61
Endoneurium
Loose connective tissue surrounding individual axons
62
Perineurium
Connective tissue sheath surrounding small groups of fascicles
63
Epineurium
Matrix of connective tissue that surrounds a group of fascicles
64
Three divisions of ANS
Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric
65
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Innervate most visceral organs and have a yin yang relationship with one another
66
Enteric
Regulates rhythmic contraction of intestinal smooth muscle Regulates secretory functions of intestinal epithelial cells Receives afferent input from gut and is subject to modulation by Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
67
Neuronal microenvironment
Extracellular fluid Capillaries Glial cells Adjacent neurons
68
Brain extracellular fluid (BECF)
Solute concentrations fluctuate with neural activity
69
Control of composition of BECF
Blood brain barrier (BBB) protects BECF from fluctuations in blood composition CSF influences composition of BECF Glial cells "condition" BECF
70
Where are choroid plexuses present?
Two lateral ventricles Third ventricle Fourth ventricle
71
Special neurons
Transmit information to or from a "special" subset of visceral or somatic structures
72
General neurons
Transmit information to or from visceral or somatic structures that are not in the special group
73
Special visceral neurons
Information travels to or from structures derived from the branchial arch region of the embryo
74
Special somatic neurons
Handle only sensory information, the neurons arise from the organs of special sense
75
Visceral neurons
Transmit information to or from internal organs or regions that arise embryologically from the branchial arch
76
Somatic neurons
Transmit information to or from all non-visceral parts of the body, including skin and muscle
77
What type of nerve is not possible?
Special somatic efferent
78
Two directions of transport
Anterograde | Retrograde
79
Anterograde transport
Carried down the axon
80
Retrograde transport
Carried back up the axon
81
Fast anterograde
Transport speed ~400mm/day Transports mitochondria and vesicles via microtubules Kinesin
82
Slow anterograde
Moves cyoskeletal elements soluble proteins of intermediary metabolism, actin Limiting factor when dealing with damage in PNS
83
Fast retrograde
Dynein protein | Moves degraded vesicles and absorbed exogenous materials
84
Mesencephalon Neural tissue
Midbrain
85
Telencephalon cavities
Lateral ventricles
86
Diencephalon cavities
Most of third ventricle
87
Mesencephalon cavities
Central aqueduct
88
Metencephalon cavities
Rostral fourth ventricle
89
Myelencephalon cavities
Caudal fourth ventricle
90
Spinal cord cavities
Central canal
91
Arachnoid granulations
Pressure sensitive one-way valves, which clear CSF into the venous blood supply via transcytosis
92
Na+ Plasma concentration
153 mM
93
K+ Plasma concentration
4.7 mM
94
Ca2+ Plasma concentration
1.3 mM (ionized)
95
Mg2+ Plasma concentration
0.6 mM (ionized)
96
Cl- Plasma concentration
110 mM
97
HCO3- Plasma concentration
24 mM
98
H2PO4- and HPO42- Plasma concentration
0.75 mM (ionized)
99
pH Plasma
7.4
100
Amino acids Plasma concentration
2.6 mM
101
Proteins Plasma concentration
7 g/dL
102
Osmolality (mOsm) Plasma
290
103
Na+ CSF concentration
147 mM
104
K+ CSF concentration
2.9 mM
105
Ca2+ CSF concentration
1.1 mM (ionized)
106
Mg2+ CSF concentration
1.1 mM (ionized)
107
Cl- CSF concentration
113 mM (ionized)
108
HCO3- CSF concentration
22 mM
109
H2PO4- and HPO42- CSF concentration
0.9 mM
110
pH CSF
7.33
111
Amino acids CSF concentration
0.7 mM
112
Proteins CSF concentration
0.03 g/dL
113
Osmolality (mOsm) CSF
290
114
Na+ CSF/Plasma Ratio
0.96
115
K+ CSF/Plasma Ratio
0.62
116
Ca2+ CSF/Plasma Ratio
0.85
117
Mg2+ CSF/Plasma Ratio
1.8
118
Cl- CSF/Plasma Ratio
1.03
119
HCO3- CSF/Plasma Ratio
0.92
120
H2PO4- and HPO42- CSF/Plasma Ratio
1.2
121
Amino acids CSF/Plasma Ratio
0.27
122
Proteins CSF/Plasma Ratio
0.004
123
Osmolality CSF/Plasma Ratio
1.00
124
What is secreted in the brain?
Na+ Cl- HCO3- H2O
125
What is absorbed in the brain?
K+
126
Where is the Na+/K+ ATPase in the brain
Apical membrane
127
How is absorption impaired in Hydrocephalus?
Arachnoid villi damaged from infection, inflammation of meninges, or irritating blood
128
What will testing for Hydrocephalus show?
Spinal tap shows normal pressures | Imaging shows enlarged ventricles
129
What are the signs of Hydrocephalus?
Progressive dementia Urinary incontinence Gait disturbance
130
Obstructive hydrocephalus
CSF outflow from ventricles obstructed resulting in enlarged ventricles
131
BECF
Route by which important molecules such as oxygen, glucose, and amino acids reach brain cells and by which the products of metabolism, including CO2 and catabolized neurotransmitters, leave the brain Waste-management
132
What areas of the brain lack the BBB
``` Median Eminence Area Postrema Subfornical Organ Subcommissural Organ Posterior Pituitary Organum Vasculosum Laminae Terminalis (OVLT) Pineal Gland ```
133
Components of the BBB
Astrocytes Astrocyte end feet Pericyte Endothelial cell
134
CNS Glial Cells
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglial Cells
135
PNS Glial Cells
Satellite Cells Schwann Cells Enteric Glia
136
Six Astrocyte Functions
Supply fuel to neurons through lactic acid Regulate [K+]o Modulate cerebral blood flow Secrete trophic factors that promote neuronal survival and synaptogenesis Make neurotransmitters Communicate via gap junctions
137
Oligodendrocytes
Make and support myelin sheath in the CNS | Control pH regulation through carbonic anhydrase and iron metabolism
138
Schwann cells
Make and support myelin sheath in the PNS
139
Microglial cells
Activated by injury to the brain | Macrophages of the CNS
140
Dendritic spines
Protrusions from dendrite membrane where contact with neighboring axons is formed in order to receive synaptic input
141
Initial Segment
Initiation of axon potentials
142
Interneurons
Connect motor and sensory neurons
143
Dysraphism
Disturbance in the process of neural tube closure
144
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death Initiates in nucleus Protein synthesis
145
Necrosis
Ca2+ entry Energy failure Loss of cell membrane integrity
146
Forms of cell death
Apoptosis | Necrosis
147
Fibrillation
Individual muscle fibers twitch spontaneously
148
Fasciculation
simultaneous involuntary contraction of groups of muscle fibers within the motor unit innervated by a single motor neuron
149
Paresthesia
Tingling sensation
150
Projection neurons
Neurons whose axons extend from the neuronal cell body within the central nervous system
151
Modality category that refers to the direction of information flow
Afferent vs. efferent
152
Modality category that defines the anatomical distribution of the information flow
Visceral vs. Somatic
153
Modality category that defines the information flow on the basis of embryological origin of structure being innervated
General vs. Special
154
Where are bipolar neurons found?
Retina
155
What structure secretes CSF?
Choroid plexus
156
Which solutes have similar compositions in CSF as compared to plasma?
Na+ Ca2+ Cl- HCO3-
157
Lipid solubility and BBB
Solubility increases and diffusion across BBB increases
158
Molecular mass and BBB
Mass increases and diffusion across BBB decreases
159
Plasma proteins and BBB
Molecule bound to plasma protein and diffusion across BBB decreases
160
Charge and BBB
Uncharged leads to higher diffusion across BBB
161
Water solubility and BBB
Water solubility increases and diffusion across BBB decreases
162
OVLT
Temperature control centers | Involved in fever induction
163
Subfornical organ
Circulating levels of Ang II
164
Median eminence
Neurohormonal control of autonomic system
165
Pineal gland
Circadian rhythm
166
Area postrema
Circulating toxins | Initiates vomiting reflex
167
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cushions brain and spinal cord Picks up needed supplies from blood Gets rid of waste products from brain cells
168
Pia mater
Glia limitans | Pia-glial membrane
169
Pia-glial membrane
Does not restrict diffusion of substance between BECF and CSF
170
Arachnoid mater
Composed of layers of cells linked by tight junction | Blood-CSF barrier
171
Blood-CSF barrier
Isolates CSF in arachnoid space from blood on overlying vessels of dura mater
172
Dura mater
Intracranial venous sinuses | Blood vessels are outside blood brain barrier
173
Queckenstedt test
Used to detect a block in circulation of CSF in spinal canal
174
Transcytosis
Formation of giant fluid-containing vacuoles
175
Tortuosity
Reduces rate of diffusion by 60% compared with movement in free solution
176
Cell swelling
Water moves from BECF into cells
177
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
Prevents some blood constituents from entering brain extracellular space
178
Features of cerebral capillaries
``` Tight junctions Apical Na+/K+ ATPase Carriers for glucose and amino acids Proteolytic enzymes Basal lamina ```
179
Pericytes
Regulate blood-brain barrier
180
Astrocytes
Essential for formation and maintenance of the BBB
181
Thrombospondins
Astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS Synaptogenesis
182
Where does the Pons receive sensory input from?
Face Scalp Mouth Nose
183
What does the Pons process
Hearing and equilibrium
184
What does the medulla control?
Blood pressure Heart rate Respiration Digestion

Medical Physiology I (8 decks)

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