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Medical Physiology I > Block 2 Exam > Flashcards

Block 2 Exam Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What makes up the Central nervous system

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the three membranes of the CNS

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

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3
Q

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous system

A

Sensory nerves
Motor nerves
Peripheral ganglia

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4
Q

Sensory nerves

A

Afferent nerves

Periphery to CNS

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5
Q

Motor nerves

A

Efferent nerves

CNS to periphery

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6
Q

Peripheral ganglia

A

Nerve cells concentrated outside the CNS

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7
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Regulates and controls visceral functions

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8
Q

Four domains of typical neuron

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Presynaptic terminals

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9
Q

Vertebrate embryo layers

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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10
Q

Notochord

A

Direct ectoderm to form neural tube in a complex process called neurulation

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11
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

Nervous system

Skin

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12
Q

Two categories of defects of neural tube closure

A

Brain defects

Spina Bifida defects

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13
Q

Three brain defect examples

A

Anencephaly
Cephalocele
Meningocele

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14
Q

Anencephaly

A

Absence of brain, with massive defects in the skull, meninges, and scalp

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15
Q

Cephalocele

A

Partial brain herniation through a skull defect (cranium bifidum)

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16
Q

Meningocele

A

Meningeal herniation through a skull or spine defect

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17
Q

Three Spina bifida defect examples

A

Spina bifida occulta
Spina bifida cystica
Myelomeningocele

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18
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Vertebral arch defect only

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19
Q

Spina bifida cystica

A

Herniation of the dura and arachnoid through a vertebral defect

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20
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

Herniation of the spinal cord and meninges through a vertebral defect

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21
Q

Regional specialization

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombenecephalon

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22
Q

What does the prosencephalon divide into

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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23
Q

Telencephalon Neural tissue

A

Central hemispheres

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24
Q

Diencephalon Neural tissue

A

Thalamus
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus
Neuropituitary

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25
Q

What does the Rhombencephalon divide into

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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26
Q

Metencephalon Neural tissue

A

Pons

Cerebellum

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27
Q

Myelencephalon Neural tissue

A

Medulla

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28
Q

Basal plate

A

Ventral horn

Motor neurons leave to innervate “efferent”

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29
Q

Alar plate

A

Dorsal horn

Receives sensory input “afferent”

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30
Q

Nuclei

A

Aggregates of neurons

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31
Q

What 4 things do progenitor cells produce?

A

Neurons
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells

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32
Q

What 5 things are stem cells able to do?

A

Proliferate
Renew themselves over the life of the organism
Create fully differentiated cells through progenitor cells
Retain their multilineage potential throughout life
Replace cells lost to injury or disease

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33
Q

Stem cell asymmetrical cell division

A

Create one stem cell and one progenitor cell

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34
Q

Progenitor cell

A

Cell that begins path to terminal differentiation

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35
Q

Stem cell symmetrical division

A

Create two new stem cells

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36
Q

What do stem cells produce

A

Neurons
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes

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37
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

Loss of axonal structure distal to lesion

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38
Q

Chromatolysis

A

ER degenerates

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39
Q

Retrograde transneuronal degeneration

A

The retrograde neuron’s terminals retract and the neuron degenerates

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40
Q

Anterograde transneuronal degeneration

A

The anterograde neuron degenerates

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41
Q

Five major areas of CNS

A 
Telencephalon
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Spinal cord
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42
Q

Parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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43
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

maintain body’s balance

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44
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Regulates muscle tone

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45
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Coordinates motor behavior

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46
Q

Midbrain

A

Control eye movement

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47
Q

What nerves control eye movement

A

CN III and CN IV

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48
Q

What does the Pons control

A

Mastication
Eye movement
Facial muscles

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49
Q

What nerve controls mastication

A

CN V

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50
Q

What nerve controls facial muscles

A

CN VII

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51
Q

What nerve is responsible for sensory input from face, scalp, mouth and nose

A

CN V

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52
Q

What nerve is responsible for processing hearing and equilibrium

A

CN VIII

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53
Q

What muscles does the Medulla inervate?

A

Muscles of neck and tongue

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54
Q

What nerve innervates muscles of neck

A

CN XI

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55
Q

What nerve innervates muscles of tongue

A

CN XII

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56
Q

What nerves control blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, and digestion

A

CN IX and X

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57
Q

Ascending tracts

A

Mediate synaptic interactions within the spinal cord and convey information to more rostral areas of the CNS

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58
Q

Descending tracts

A

Control motor neurons whose cell bodies are in the ventral horn

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59
Q

PNS 4 main purposes

A

Transduces stimuli into raw sensory information through receptors
Conveys sensory information to CNS
Conveys motor signals from CNS to target organs
Converts motor signals to chemical signals at synapses on target tissues

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60
Q

Peripheral nerves

A

Organization of axons in the PNS

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61
Q

Endoneurium

A

Loose connective tissue surrounding individual axons

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62
Q

Perineurium

A

Connective tissue sheath surrounding small groups of fascicles

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63
Q

Epineurium

A

Matrix of connective tissue that surrounds a group of fascicles

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64
Q

Three divisions of ANS

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

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65
Q

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

A

Innervate most visceral organs and have a yin yang relationship with one another

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66
Q

Enteric

A

Regulates rhythmic contraction of intestinal smooth muscle
Regulates secretory functions of intestinal epithelial cells
Receives afferent input from gut and is subject to modulation by Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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67
Q

Neuronal microenvironment

A

Extracellular fluid
Capillaries
Glial cells
Adjacent neurons

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68
Q

Brain extracellular fluid (BECF)

A

Solute concentrations fluctuate with neural activity

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69
Q

Control of composition of BECF

A

Blood brain barrier (BBB) protects BECF from fluctuations in blood composition
CSF influences composition of BECF
Glial cells “condition” BECF

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70
Q

Where are choroid plexuses present?

A

Two lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle

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71
Q

Special neurons

A

Transmit information to or from a “special” subset of visceral or somatic structures

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72
Q

General neurons

A

Transmit information to or from visceral or somatic structures that are not in the special group

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73
Q

Special visceral neurons

A

Information travels to or from structures derived from the branchial arch region of the embryo

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74
Q

Special somatic neurons

A

Handle only sensory information, the neurons arise from the organs of special sense

75
Q

Visceral neurons

A

Transmit information to or from internal organs or regions that arise embryologically from the branchial arch

76
Q

Somatic neurons

A

Transmit information to or from all non-visceral parts of the body, including skin and muscle

77
Q

What type of nerve is not possible?

A

Special somatic efferent

78
Q

Two directions of transport

A

Anterograde

Retrograde

79
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Carried down the axon

80
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Carried back up the axon

81
Q

Fast anterograde

A

Transport speed ~400mm/day
Transports mitochondria and vesicles via microtubules
Kinesin

82
Q

Slow anterograde

A

Moves cyoskeletal elements soluble proteins of intermediary metabolism, actin
Limiting factor when dealing with damage in PNS

83
Q

Fast retrograde

A

Dynein protein

Moves degraded vesicles and absorbed exogenous materials

84
Q

Mesencephalon Neural tissue

A

Midbrain

85
Q

Telencephalon cavities

A

Lateral ventricles

86
Q

Diencephalon cavities

A

Most of third ventricle

87
Q

Mesencephalon cavities

A

Central aqueduct

88
Q

Metencephalon cavities

A

Rostral fourth ventricle

89
Q

Myelencephalon cavities

A

Caudal fourth ventricle

90
Q

Spinal cord cavities

A

Central canal

91
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A

Pressure sensitive one-way valves, which clear CSF into the venous blood supply via transcytosis

92
Q

Na+ Plasma concentration

A

153 mM

93
Q

K+ Plasma concentration

A

4.7 mM

94
Q

Ca2+ Plasma concentration

A

1.3 mM (ionized)

95
Q

Mg2+ Plasma concentration

A

0.6 mM (ionized)

96
Q

Cl- Plasma concentration

A

110 mM

97
Q

HCO3- Plasma concentration

A

24 mM

98
Q

H2PO4- and HPO42- Plasma concentration

A

0.75 mM (ionized)

99
Q

pH Plasma

A

7.4

100
Q

Amino acids Plasma concentration

A

2.6 mM

101
Q

Proteins Plasma concentration

A

7 g/dL

102
Q

Osmolality (mOsm) Plasma

A

290

103
Q

Na+ CSF concentration

A

147 mM

104
Q

K+ CSF concentration

A

2.9 mM

105
Q

Ca2+ CSF concentration

A

1.1 mM (ionized)

106
Q

Mg2+ CSF concentration

A

1.1 mM (ionized)

107
Q

Cl- CSF concentration

A

113 mM (ionized)

108
Q

HCO3- CSF concentration

A

22 mM

109
Q

H2PO4- and HPO42- CSF concentration

A

0.9 mM

110
Q

pH CSF

A

7.33

111
Q

Amino acids CSF concentration

A

0.7 mM

112
Q

Proteins CSF concentration

A

0.03 g/dL

113
Q

Osmolality (mOsm) CSF

A

290

114
Q

Na+ CSF/Plasma Ratio

A

0.96

115
Q

K+ CSF/Plasma Ratio

A

0.62

116
Q

Ca2+ CSF/Plasma Ratio

A

0.85

117
Q

Mg2+ CSF/Plasma Ratio

A

1.8

118
Q

Cl- CSF/Plasma Ratio

A

1.03

119
Q

HCO3- CSF/Plasma Ratio

A

0.92

120
Q

H2PO4- and HPO42- CSF/Plasma Ratio

A

1.2

121
Q

Amino acids CSF/Plasma Ratio

A

0.27

122
Q

Proteins CSF/Plasma Ratio

A

0.004

123
Q

Osmolality CSF/Plasma Ratio

A

1.00

124
Q

What is secreted in the brain?

A

Na+
Cl-
HCO3-
H2O

125
Q

What is absorbed in the brain?

A

K+

126
Q

Where is the Na+/K+ ATPase in the brain

A

Apical membrane

127
Q

How is absorption impaired in Hydrocephalus?

A

Arachnoid villi damaged from infection, inflammation of meninges, or irritating blood

128
Q

What will testing for Hydrocephalus show?

A

Spinal tap shows normal pressures

Imaging shows enlarged ventricles

129
Q

What are the signs of Hydrocephalus?

A

Progressive dementia
Urinary incontinence
Gait disturbance

130
Q

Obstructive hydrocephalus

A

CSF outflow from ventricles obstructed resulting in enlarged ventricles

131
Q

BECF

A

Route by which important molecules such as oxygen, glucose, and amino acids reach brain cells and by which the products of metabolism, including CO2 and catabolized neurotransmitters, leave the brain
Waste-management

132
Q

What areas of the brain lack the BBB

A 
Median Eminence
Area Postrema
Subfornical Organ
Subcommissural Organ
Posterior Pituitary
Organum Vasculosum Laminae Terminalis (OVLT)
Pineal Gland
133
Q

Components of the BBB

A

Astrocytes
Astrocyte end feet
Pericyte
Endothelial cell

134
Q

CNS Glial Cells

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglial Cells

135
Q

PNS Glial Cells

A

Satellite Cells
Schwann Cells
Enteric Glia

136
Q

Six Astrocyte Functions

A

Supply fuel to neurons through lactic acid
Regulate [K+]o
Modulate cerebral blood flow
Secrete trophic factors that promote neuronal survival and synaptogenesis
Make neurotransmitters
Communicate via gap junctions

137
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Make and support myelin sheath in the CNS

Control pH regulation through carbonic anhydrase and iron metabolism

138
Q

Schwann cells

A

Make and support myelin sheath in the PNS

139
Q

Microglial cells

A

Activated by injury to the brain

Macrophages of the CNS

140
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Protrusions from dendrite membrane where contact with neighboring axons is formed in order to receive synaptic input

141
Q

Initial Segment

A

Initiation of axon potentials

142
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect motor and sensory neurons

143
Q

Dysraphism

A

Disturbance in the process of neural tube closure

144
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
Initiates in nucleus
Protein synthesis

145
Q

Necrosis

A

Ca2+ entry
Energy failure
Loss of cell membrane integrity

146
Q

Forms of cell death

A

Apoptosis

Necrosis

147
Q

Fibrillation

A

Individual muscle fibers twitch spontaneously

148
Q

Fasciculation

A

simultaneous involuntary contraction of groups of muscle fibers within the motor unit innervated by a single motor neuron

149
Q

Paresthesia

A

Tingling sensation

150
Q

Projection neurons

A

Neurons whose axons extend from the neuronal cell body within the central nervous system

151
Q

Modality category that refers to the direction of information flow

A

Afferent vs. efferent

152
Q

Modality category that defines the anatomical distribution of the information flow

A

Visceral vs. Somatic

153
Q

Modality category that defines the information flow on the basis of embryological origin of structure being innervated

A

General vs. Special

154
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

Retina

155
Q

What structure secretes CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

156
Q

Which solutes have similar compositions in CSF as compared to plasma?

A

Na+
Ca2+
Cl-
HCO3-

157
Q

Lipid solubility and BBB

A

Solubility increases and diffusion across BBB increases

158
Q

Molecular mass and BBB

A

Mass increases and diffusion across BBB decreases

159
Q

Plasma proteins and BBB

A

Molecule bound to plasma protein and diffusion across BBB decreases

160
Q

Charge and BBB

A

Uncharged leads to higher diffusion across BBB

161
Q

Water solubility and BBB

A

Water solubility increases and diffusion across BBB decreases

162
Q

OVLT

A

Temperature control centers

Involved in fever induction

163
Q

Subfornical organ

A

Circulating levels of Ang II

164
Q

Median eminence

A

Neurohormonal control of autonomic system

165
Q

Pineal gland

A

Circadian rhythm

166
Q

Area postrema

A

Circulating toxins

Initiates vomiting reflex

167
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Cushions brain and spinal cord
Picks up needed supplies from blood
Gets rid of waste products from brain cells

168
Q

Pia mater

A

Glia limitans

Pia-glial membrane

169
Q

Pia-glial membrane

A

Does not restrict diffusion of substance between BECF and CSF

170
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Composed of layers of cells linked by tight junction

Blood-CSF barrier

171
Q

Blood-CSF barrier

A

Isolates CSF in arachnoid space from blood on overlying vessels of dura mater

172
Q

Dura mater

A

Intracranial venous sinuses

Blood vessels are outside blood brain barrier

173
Q

Queckenstedt test

A

Used to detect a block in circulation of CSF in spinal canal

174
Q

Transcytosis

A

Formation of giant fluid-containing vacuoles

175
Q

Tortuosity

A

Reduces rate of diffusion by 60% compared with movement in free solution

176
Q

Cell swelling

A

Water moves from BECF into cells

177
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

Prevents some blood constituents from entering brain extracellular space

178
Q

Features of cerebral capillaries

A 
Tight junctions
Apical Na+/K+ ATPase
Carriers for glucose and amino acids
Proteolytic enzymes
Basal lamina
179
Q

Pericytes

A

Regulate blood-brain barrier

180
Q

Astrocytes

A

Essential for formation and maintenance of the BBB

181
Q

Thrombospondins

A

Astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS Synaptogenesis

182
Q

Where does the Pons receive sensory input from?

A

Face
Scalp
Mouth
Nose

183
Q

What does the Pons process

A

Hearing and equilibrium

184
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

Blood pressure
Heart rate
Respiration
Digestion

Medical Physiology I (8 decks)

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