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Medical Physiology I > Block 4 Exam > Flashcards

Block 4 Exam Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

BUN equation

A

Plasma osmolality = 2[Na+] + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8

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2
Q

Capillary filtration equation

A

Kf[(Pc - Pi) - sigma( Pi(c) - Pi(i))]

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3
Q

Kf

A

Filtration coefficient

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4
Q

Pc

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

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5
Q

Pi

A

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

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6
Q

Pi(c)

A

Capillary oncotic pressure

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7
Q

Pi(i)

A

Interstitial oncotic pressure

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8
Q

Sigma

A

Protein reflection coefficient

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9
Q

Primary functions of the kidneys

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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10
Q

Afferent arteriole resistance

A

high

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11
Q

Glomerular capillaries resistance

A

low

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12
Q

Efferent arteriole resistance

A

high

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13
Q

Vasa Recta resistance

A

low

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14
Q

Vasa recta capillaries resistance

A

low

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15
Q

Renal veins resistance

A

low

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16
Q

Afferent arteriole pressure

A

high

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17
Q

Glomerular capillaries pressure

A

high

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18
Q

Efferent arterioles pressure

A

high

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19
Q

Vasa recta pressure

A

low

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20
Q

Vasa recta capillaries pressure

A

low

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21
Q

Renal veins pressure

A

low

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22
Q

Leaky epithelia electrical resistance

A

low

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23
Q

Leaky epithelia transport rate

A

high

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24
Q

Leaky epithelia chemical gradient

A

low

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25
Q

Leaky epithelia transepithelial voltage

A

low

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26
Q

Leaky epithelia tight junction structure/selectivity

A

limited

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27
Q

Leaky epithelia membrane infolding

A

extensive

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28
Q

Leaky epithelia mitochondria

A

a lot

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29
Q

Tight epithelia electrical resistance

A

high

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30
Q

Tight epithelia transport rate

A

low

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31
Q

Tight epithelia chemical gradient

A

high

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32
Q

Tight epithelia transepithelial voltage

A

high

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33
Q

Tight epithelia tight junction structure/selectivity

A

extensive

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34
Q

Tight epithelia membrane infolding

A

Limited

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35
Q

Tight epithelia mitochondria

A

fewer

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36
Q

Proximal tubule Na+ reabsorption

A

60-70% of filtered Na+

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37
Q

Proximal tubule Water reabsorption

A

60-70% of filtered water

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38
Q

Proximal tubule sugar reabsorption

A

All of the glucose and most other sugars

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39
Q

Proximal tubule Protein reabsorption

A

Nearly all amino acids, peptides and protein by secreting proteases

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40
Q

Proximal tubule Phosphate and sulfate reabsorption

A

Nearly all of both

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41
Q

Proximal tubule organic cations and anions reabsorption

A

reabsorps

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42
Q

Proximal tubule HCO3 - reabsorption

A

80-90% of filtered HCO3 -

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43
Q

Proximal tubule Ca2+ and Mg2+ reabsorption

A

50% of filtered

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44
Q

Proximal tubule Cl- reabsorption

A

50% of Cl-

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45
Q

Proximal tubule secretions

A

Toxins

Ammonium

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46
Q

What does the proximal tubule synthesize

A

Glucose

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47
Q

Proximal tubule apical membrane in-foldings

A

extensive

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48
Q

Proximal tubule basolateral membrane in-foldings

A

Extensive

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49
Q

Proximal tubule nucleus

A

Large

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50
Q

Proximal tubule mitochondria

A

Numerous located to basolateral in-foldings

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51
Q

S1 location

A

Renal cortex

Lumen negative

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52
Q

S2 location

A

Medullary ray

Lumen negative

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53
Q

S3 location

A

Outer medullae

Lumen Positive

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54
Q

What does the loop of Henle include?

A

S3 segments of proximal tubules
Thin descending limbs
Thin ascending limbs
Thick ascending limbs

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55
Q

Thin descending limb cells

A

Thin

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56
Q

Thin descending limb mitochondria

A

Few

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57
Q

Thin descending limb membrane in-foldings

A

None

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58
Q

Thin ascending limbs location

A

Deep nephrons only

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59
Q

Thin ascending limb cells

A

Thin

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60
Q

Thin ascending limb mitochondria

A

few

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61
Q

Thin ascending limb membrane in-foldings

A

None

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62
Q

What does the Thick ascending limb reabsorb

A 
20-30% of NaCl
K+
Ca2+
Mg 2+
HCO3 -
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63
Q

What does thick ascending limb secrete

A

Tamm-Horsfall protein

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64
Q

Tamm-Horsfall protein

A

Plays a role in immunity and stone prevention

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65
Q

Another name for thick ascending limb

A

Diluting segment

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66
Q

Thick ascending limb mitochondria

A

Lots

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67
Q

Thick ascending limb apical membrane in-foldings

A

Modest

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68
Q

Thick ascending limb basolateral in-foldings

A

Lots

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69
Q

Macula densa nuclei

A

Large

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70
Q

Macula densa mitochondria

A

lots

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71
Q

Distal convoluted tubule divisions

A

Early of Classical DCT

Late or not really the DCT DCt

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72
Q

How much NaCl does the classical DCT reabsorb?

A

5-10%

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73
Q

What does the Early DCT reabsorb?

A

NaCl
Ca2+
K+ sometimes

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74
Q

What does the early DCT secrete?

A

K+ sometimes

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75
Q

How much NaCl does the late DCT reabsorb?

A

5-10%

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76
Q

What does the late DCT reabsorb?

A

NaCl

K+ sometimes

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77
Q

What does the late DCT secrete?

A

K+ sometimes

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78
Q

DCT apical membrane in-foldings

A

Some

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79
Q

DCT mitochondria

A

Numerous

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80
Q

DCT basolateral membrane in-foldings

A

Intermediate amount

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81
Q

Collecting ducts cells

A

Principal cell
Alpha intercalated cel
Beta intercalated cell

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82
Q

Inner medullary collecting ducts mitochondria

A

Few

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83
Q

Inner medullary collecting ducts membrane in-foldings

A

None

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84
Q

Inner medullary collecting ducts tight junctions

A

Tightest of any segment

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85
Q

Inner medullary collecting ducts gradients

A

large

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86
Q

Inner medullary collecting ducts Na+ transport rates

A

Low rates

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87
Q

Inner medullary collecting ducts other transport

A

High rates of urea, ammonia, and water

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88
Q

Renal clearance

A

Volume of plasma totally cleared of a substance in a given time

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89
Q

GFR in healthy individuals

A

Greater than 90mL/min/1.73m^2

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90
Q

Use eGFR to assess renal function in:

A

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

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91
Q

Serum creatinine must be used to assess renal function in

A

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

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92
Q

Albuminuria

A

Pathological condition wherein the protein albumin is abnormally present in the urine

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93
Q

24-hour urine collection Albuminuria

A

> 30 mg albumin/24 hours

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94
Q

Spot collection Albuminuria

A

Urine albumin/creatine > 30 mg/g

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95
Q

Heamturia

A

Presence of red blood cells in urine

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96
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A

Presence of hemoglobin in the urine

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97
Q

Dysmorphic erythrocyte means

A

Damage to glomeruli

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98
Q

CKD Stage 1 GFR

A

Greater than or equal to 90

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99
Q

CKD Stage 2 GFR

A

60-89

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100
Q

CKD Stage 3a GFR

A

45-59

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101
Q

CKD Stage 3b GFR

A

30-44

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102
Q

CKD Stage 4 GFR

A

15-29

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103
Q

CKD Stage 5 GFR

A

Less than 15

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104
Q

CKD Primary risk factors

A

Diabetes

Hypertension

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105
Q

CKD Other risk factors

A 
Family history of CKD
Advancing age
Systemic infections
Loss of kidney mass
Autoimmune disease
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106
Q

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

A

Rapid deterioration of kidney function manifested by an increase in SrCf > 0.3 mg/dl < 48 hr OR increase in SrCr > 50% in < 48 hr

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107
Q

Patients who develop AKI may experience:

A

Complete recovery of renal function
Development of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Exacerbation of the rate of progression of preexisting CKD
Irreversible loss of kidney function and evolve into ESRD

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108
Q

Normal kidney size

A

10-12 cm

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109
Q

Kidney size in AKI

A

Normal or hydronephrotic

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110
Q

Kidney size in CKD

A

Reduced

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111
Q

Causes of prerenal AKI

A

Decreased ECV
Renal vasoconstriction
Large vessel disease

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112
Q

Causes of Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

A

Ischemic progression of prerenal AKI
Nephrotoxins
Contrast media

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113
Q

Causes of Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)

A

Allergic reactions
Infection
Infiltrative
Autoimmune

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114
Q

Causes of ureteral AKI

A

Stone
Neoplasms or tumors
Severe constipation

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115
Q

Causes of bladder neck AKI

A

BPH
Prostate cancer
Neurogenic bladder

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116
Q

Postrenal AKI

A

Ureteral

Bladder neck

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117
Q

Intrinsic (renal) AKI

A

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)
Glomerulonephritis

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118
Q

Prerenal AKI diagnosis

A

FENa <1.0%
BUN/Cr > 20:1
Bland sediment
+/- Hyaline casts

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119
Q

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) diagnosis

A

FENa > 2.0%
BUN/Cr < 20:1
Muddy brown casts
+/- RBCs

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120
Q

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) diagnosis

A

WBC casts
WBCs
+/- RBCs

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121
Q

Glomerulonephritis diagnosis

A

Dysmorphic RBCs

RBC casts

122
Q

Postrenal AKI diagnosis

A

Bland sediment
+/- nondysmorphic RBCs
+/- hydronephrosis by US

123
Q

Azotemia

A

A build-up of nitrogenous waste in blood (BUN and SrCr)

124
Q

Uremia

A

A constellation of symptoms and signs of multiple-organ dysfunction caused by retention of “uremic toxins”

125
Q

Kidney transplant

A

Best option for renal replacement therapy

126
Q

Three year mortality in ESRD

A

~50%

127
Q

Renal Hemodynamics

A

Volume of plasma filtered/unit time

128
Q

Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)

A

Rate of plasma flowing through the vasculature (~400-600 mL/min) or 600-900 L/day

129
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Filtration of plasma & non-protein constituents into Bowman’s space

130
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Leaves proteins and RBCs in blood because they cannot pass through the selective glomerular filtration barrier

131
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Rate of fluid movement from capillary space into Bowman’s space

132
Q

Molecules to measure GFR criteria

A

Substance must be freely filterable in glomeruli
Substance must be neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the tubules
Substance must not be synthesized, broken down or accumulated by the kidney
Physiologically inert

133
Q

Physiologically inert

A

Not toxic and without effect on renal function

134
Q

GFR equation

A

GFR = Ux*V/Px

135
Q

Amount of inulin filtered

A

P(in) * GFR

136
Q

Amount of inulin excreted in the urine

A

U(in) * V

Same as amount filtered

137
Q

Metabolism of creatine phosphate in men

A

20 to 25 mg/kg/day

138
Q

Metabolism of creatine phosphate in women

A

15 to 20 mg/kg/day

139
Q

Filtration barrier components

A

Slit diaphragm
Basement membrane
Fenestrated endothelium

140
Q

GFR influenced by:

A

Blood pressure and blood flow
Obstruction to urine outflow
Loss of protein-free fluid
Hormonal regulation

141
Q

Hormonal regulation

A

Renin-angiotensin
Aldosterone
ADH
ANP

142
Q

P(gc)

A

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

143
Q

Pi(bs)

A

Bowman’s space oncotic pressure

144
Q

P(bs)

A

Bowman’s space hydrostatic pressure

145
Q

Pi(gc)

A

Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure

146
Q

Renal plasma flow equation

A

RPF = (1-Hct)*RBF

147
Q

Normal Renal plasma flow

A

600 mL/min given a hematocrit of 40%

148
Q

Filtration fraction equation

A

FF = GFR/RPF

149
Q

Filtration fraction

A

Volume of filtrate that forms from a given volume of plasma entering the glomeruli

150
Q

Increase AA resistance

A 
Decrease P(gc)
Decrease RBF
151
Q

Increase EA resistance

A 
Increase P(gc)
Decrease RBF
152
Q

Increase AA and EA resistance

A 
Decrease RBF
Unchanged P(gc)
153
Q

Diabetes

A

Fasting blood glucose > 126mg/dl
Random glucose >200 mg/dl
HbA1c > 7.0%

154
Q

Type 1 Diabetes (juvenile onset)

A

Complete loss of insulin production

Likely due to inflammatory/immune-mediated insult

155
Q

Type 2 diabetes (adult onset)

A

Initial insulin resistance

Eventual beta-cell failure and decreased insulin secretion

156
Q

Low glomerular filtration rate

A

Generally GFR < 60 mL/min

157
Q

Albuminuria or proteinuria

A

Detectable at 1+ or 30 mg/dl on dipstick

Measured in urine @ >30 mg albumin or 300 mg protein per 24 hrs

158
Q

Clinical risk factors of DKD

A 
Race/genetics
Gender
Obesity
Poor glycemic control
Hypertension
Other diabetic microvascular end organ complications
159
Q

Hemodynamic

A

Intraglomerular hypertension/hyperfiltration

160
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Advanced glycation end products

Increased flux through polyol and hexosamine pathways

161
Q

Growth Factors and Cytokines Associated with DKD

A 
Angiotensin II
Transforming Growth Factor-beta
Endothelin
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
Insulin-like Growth Factor
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Interleukin-1
162
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species Enzymatic

A

Catalyzed by NADPH oxidase

163
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species Non-enzymatic

A

Leakage from mitochondrial electron transport chain

164
Q

Mechanisms targeted by current treatments

A

Glucose
Blood pressure
SGLT2

165
Q

Glucose targets

A

Goal of Hgb A1c ~7.0%

166
Q

Blood pressure with T2DM

A

130/80-85 is just right

167
Q

60% of TBW

A

Intracellular Fluid

168
Q

40% of TBW

A

Extracellular Fluid

169
Q

20% of ECF

A

Plasma

170
Q

Plasma

A

Noncellular, protein rich fluid

171
Q

Is Na permeable to plasma membranes?

A

No (unless using facilitated diffusion, secondary active transport, or primary active transport)

172
Q

Does Na+ contribute to tonicity?

A

Yes, because it is an effective osmolyte

173
Q

What is tonicity

A

The concentration of effective osmolytes. They cause water shifts from one compartment to another assuming water is permeable across the membrane that separates those compartments

174
Q

Does Na+ contribute to the ECF osmolality

A

Yes

175
Q

Does urea cross plasma membranes

A

Yes

176
Q

Does urea contribute to plasma osmolality

A

Yes

177
Q

Importance of filtration

A

Need to remove metabolic waste and toxins

178
Q

Importance of reabsorption

A

Maintains plasma Na+ concentrations
Maintains water balance
Regulates plasma pH
Regulates balance of other solutes

179
Q

Importance of secretion

A

Removes toxins

H+, K+ and more

180
Q

Hilus

A

Renal artery and nerves enter here

Renal vein, lymphatics, and ureter exit here

181
Q

Cortex

A

Outer layer

182
Q

Medulla

A

Inner layer
Striated due to renal pyramids
Can be highly concentrated, even if plasma is very dilute

183
Q

Glomerular Filtration Barrier

A 
Glycocalyx
Endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries
Basement membrane
Slit diaphragm
Podocytes
184
Q

Basement membrane

A

Lamina rara interna
Lamina densa
Lamina rara externa

185
Q

Claudins

A

Arranged like pearls on a string
Strands are NOT continuous
Direct relationship between selectivity/resistance and # of strands

186
Q

Thin Descending Limb Reabsorption

A

5% filtered water

187
Q

NKCC2 in Thick ascending limb is inhibited by what

A

Loop diuretics

188
Q

Macula densa functions

A

Sense luminal NaCl as part of tubuloglomerular feedback
Regulate renin release from juxtaglomerular cells
Release paracrine factors that regulate afferent and efferent arteriolar tone

189
Q

What increases NaCl reabsorption in the DCT

A

Aldosterone

190
Q

What causes the DCT to reabsorb water

A

ADH/vasopressin

191
Q

DCT Transport rates

A

Moderately low

192
Q

DCT transepithelial voltages

A

Moderate

193
Q

Collecting Duct Reabsorbtion

A

0-5% filtered NaCl

194
Q

What does ADH cause the collecting duct to reabsorb

A

Urea

Water

195
Q

What causes an increase in Na+ reabsorption in the collecting duct

A

Aldosterone

196
Q

What causes a decrease in Na+ reabsorption in the collecting duct?

A

NO
Endothelin
Bradykinin
ANF

197
Q

Collecting duct Secretion

A

K+
H+
NH4 +

198
Q

What causes an increase in K+ secretion in the collecting duct

A

Aldosterone

199
Q

What inhibits the ENaC channel in the collecting duct?

A

Amiloride

200
Q

Collecting duct Membrane in-foldings

A

Limited

201
Q

Collecting Duct mitochondria

A

Some

202
Q

Collecting duct transport rate

A

low

203
Q

collecting duct transepithelial voltage

A

high

204
Q

Collecting duct transepithelial resistance

A

moderately high

205
Q

Detrusor muscle inhibition of NE release

A

Contraction

206
Q

Internal sphincter inhibition of NE release

A

Relaxation

207
Q

P(uf) > 0

A

Filtration

208
Q

P(uf) <0

A

Reabsorption

209
Q

Permselectivity

A

Ratio of Ufx/Px

210
Q

Clearance ratio

A

How well the kidney clears solute X from the blood compared to inulin (completely cleared)

211
Q

Clearance ratio = 0

A

Solute is not freely filtered or excreted

212
Q

Clearance ratio > 1

A

NET secretion of substance X along nephron

213
Q

Clearance ratio < 1

A

NET reabsorption of substance X along nephron

214
Q

Maintaining GFR

A

Maintaining stable and optimal extracellular levels of solutes and water (maintains homeostasis)

215
Q

Normal GFR

A

125 mL/min

216
Q

Peritubular capillaries originate from

A

Efferent arterioles of superficial/cortical glomeruli

217
Q

Vasa recta originate from

A

Efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli

218
Q

2 main functions of peritubular capillaries

A

Deliver oxygen and nutrients to epithelial cells

Reabsorption of fluid and solutes from interstitium

219
Q

Cells of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Mesangial cells
Macula densa cells
Granular cells

220
Q

Mesangial cells

A

Secrete the extracellular matrix

221
Q

Macula densa cells

A

Specialized epithelial cells
Located at transition between TAL and distal tubule
Basolateral aspects are in contact with mesangial cells of glomerulus, afferent and efferent arterioles

222
Q

Granular cells

A

Located in the wall of AA

Specialized smooth-muscle cells that produce, store, and release renin

223
Q

JGA

A

Helps regulate blood flow and filtration rate, modulate Na+ balance and systemic BP

224
Q

Apical & Basolateral infoldings

A

Increased surface area to accommodate more transporters on that membrane

225
Q

More mitochondria

A

High need for ATP

226
Q

Proximal Tubule Na+ Transport Primary mechanism

A

Na+/H+ exchange (apical)
Na+/K+ ATPase (basolateral)
Na+/HCO3 - (basolateral)

227
Q

S1/S2 Na+ Transport

A

Na+ and H+ gradients favor H+ efflux and Na+ influx

228
Q

S3 Na+ transport

A

NHE makes up majority of Na+ reabsorption

229
Q

Proximal tubule Solvent drag Na+ reabsorption

A

30% of NaCl reabsorption in PT

230
Q

Proximal Tubule Cl- Transport S1/S2

A

Solvent drag

Electrochemical gradient

231
Q

Proximal tubule Cl- reabsorption Solvent drag

A 
Na/HCO3 cotransporter (basolateral)
creates osmotic gradient
drives water reabsorption
Lumen - voltage
Chloride reabsorbed paracellularly
232
Q

Cl- reabsorption S3

A 
Cl-/HCO3 anion exchange (apical)
KCl cotransporter (basolateral)
Paracellular reabsorption
233
Q

NaCl Transport Early TAL

A

Na+ reabsorbed passively
NKCC2 (apical)
Na+/K+ ATPase (basolateral)

234
Q

NaCl Transport Late TAL

A

Na+ can be passively secreted
NKCC2 (apical)
Na+/K+ ATPase (basolateral)

235
Q

Chloride Transport in Thick ascending limb

A

NKCC2 (apical)
KCl cotransporter (basolateral)
Cl- channel (basolateral)
Paracellular transport

236
Q

Classical or Early DCT NaCl Transport

A

NCC (Apical)
KCC (basolateral)
Cl- channel (basolateral)
Na/K ATPase (basolateral)

237
Q

What inhibits NCC in the Classical DCT

A

Thiazide diuretics

238
Q

Late or not really the DCT DCT NaCl Transport

A 
NCC (apical)
ENaC (apical)
Na/K ATPase (basolateral)
KCC (basolateral)
Cl- channel (basolateral)
239
Q

What inhibits ENaC in the late DCT

A

Amiloride diuretics

240
Q

Paracellular transport in DCT

A

Cl- ions due to lumen negative charge

241
Q

Collecting Duct Principal Cell Transport of Na+

A

ENaC (apical)

Na/K pump (basolateral)

242
Q

Collecting Duct Principal cell Transport of Cl-

A

Paracellular driven by lumen negative voltage

243
Q

Collecting Duct Beta Intercalated Cell Cl- Transport

A 
Transcellular
Anion exchange (Apical)
Cl- channel (basolateral)
244
Q

Inner medullary collecting ducts Na+ Reabsorption

A

ENaC (apical)
CGGC (apical)
NBC (Apical)
Na/K pump (basolateral)

245
Q

Inner medullary collecting ducts Na+ Secretion

A

Paracellular driven by electrochemical gradient

246
Q

Inner medullary collecting duct Cl- Reabsorption

A 
Anion Exchange (apical)
Cl- channel (basolateral)
Paracellular
247
Q

Inner medullary collecting duct Cl- Secretion

A

NKCC1 (basolateral)

CFTR (apical)

248
Q

Components of glomerulus

A

Endothelial cells
Mesangial cells
Glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes)

249
Q

ESRD pathology

A

Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis

250
Q

Glomerular cap pathology

A

Expansion of mesangial matrix
Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions
Arteriolar hyalinosis

251
Q

Expansion of the mesangial matrix

A

Cytokines and growth factors => profibrotic

252
Q

Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions

A

Increases in mesangial matrix from damage as a result of glycation of proteins

253
Q

Podocyte pathology

A

Thickened basement membrane

Disrupted foot processes

254
Q

DKD progression

A

Hyperfiltration
Microalbuminuria
Macroalbuminuria
Increasing albuminuria

255
Q

Hyperfiltration

A

GFR increases

256
Q

Macroalbuminuria

A

Nephrotic syndrome

>3.5g/day of albumin being excreted in urine

257
Q

Increasing albuminuria

A

Decrease in GFR

258
Q

FATP2

A

Expressed in luminal membrane of PT and takes up fatty acids

259
Q

Progression of Renal Insufficiency

A

HTN => Increase PTH => Anemia => Increase Phosphorus => Acidosis, hyperkalemia => Uremic syndrome

260
Q

Consequences of AKI

A

Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes
Disturbances in fluids/electrolytes
Acid-base disorders

261
Q

Anuria

A

Less than 50mL of urine output in 24 hours

262
Q

Drugs Targeting RAAS

A

ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Renin inhibitors

263
Q

Renin Target

A

Cortical collecting duct

264
Q

Effect of renin on CCD

A

Increased cAMP and PKA

265
Q

Low end of [ANGII] effect

A

Maintain GFR because efferent arterioles will constrict more than afferent arterioles

266
Q

High end of [ANGII] effect

A

GFR will fall because of too much constriction of both afferent and efferent arterioles

267
Q

ANGII effect on PT

A

Stimulates or inhibits Na+ reabsorption

268
Q

ANGII effect binding AT1R on THAL

A

Stimulates Na+ reabsorption via NKCC2

269
Q

ANGII effect binding AT2R in THAL

A

Inhibits Na+ reabsorption via NKCC2

270
Q

ANGII effect on DCT

A

Stimulates NaCl reabsorption by increasing apical NCCs & increasing phosphorylation of NCCs

271
Q

ANGII effect on CD

A

Increases Na+ reabsorption via ENaC

272
Q

ANGII effect on Adrenal cortex

A

Stimulates aldosterone release

273
Q

ANGII effect on Granular cells

A

Inhibits release of renin

274
Q

ANGII effect on vasculature

A

Vasoconstriction

275
Q

ANGII effect on OVLT & SFO

A

Stimulates thirst & AVP release

276
Q

Aldosterone effect on DCT

A

Stimulates NaCl reabsorption via NCC

277
Q

Aldosterone effect on CD

A

Stimulates Na+ reabsorption & K+ secretion

278
Q

Low levels of RSN activation

A

Sodium reabsorption

279
Q

Medium levels of RSN activation

A

Renin release

280
Q

High levels of RSN activation

A

Increased renal vascular resistance

281
Q

RSNA effect on PT

A

Increases Na+ transport

282
Q

RSNA effect on THAL

A

Increases or decreases Na+ transport

283
Q

RSNA effect on collecting duct

A

Complicated

284
Q

RSNA effect on JGA granular cells

A

Increases prorenin release

285
Q

RSNA effect on OVLT & SFO

A

Stimulates thirst centers and release of AVP

286
Q

ANP/BNP effect on vasculature

A

Vasodilation

287
Q

ANP/BNP effect on JGA granular cells

A

Decrease prorenin release

288
Q

ANP/BNP effect on PT

A

Decreases Na+ reabsorption

289
Q

ANP/BNP effect on THAL

A

Decreases Na+ reabsorption

290
Q

ANP/BNP effect on Macula densa

A

Decreased Na+ reabsorption and TGF

291
Q

ANP/BNP effect on CCD

A

Decreased Na+ reabsorption

292
Q

ANP/BNP effect on IMCD

A

Decreased Na+ reabsorption

293
Q

High [ET-1] effect on PT

A

Inhibits NHE3 leading to decreased Na+ reabsorption

294
Q

Low [ET-1] effect on PT

A

Increase PKC leading to increased Na+ reabsorption

295
Q

Endothelin effect on THAL

A

Decreases Na+ reabsorption

296
Q

Endothelin effect on CD

A

Decreases Na+ reabsorption

297
Q

Nitric oxide effect on PT

A

Inhibits Na+ reabsorption

298
Q

Nitric oxide effect on TAL

A

Inhibits Na+ reabsorption

299
Q

Nitric oxide effect on CD

A

Inhibits Na+ reabsorption

300
Q

Cadmium

A

Causes Fanconi Syndrome
PT damage
Inhibits Na/K ATPase
Inhibits SGLTs and NaPis in PT

301
Q

Fanconi syndrome

A

Loss of PT function
Decreased GFR
Increased urinary flow rate
Excessive loss of major ions

Medical Physiology I (8 decks)

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