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Medical Physiology I > Block 1 Exam > Flashcards

Block 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

General physiolgy

A

Focus on the cellular principles that are common to the function of all organs and tissues

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2
Q

Comparative physiology

A

Focuses on differences and similarities among different species

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3
Q

Medical physiology

A

Deals with how the human body functions

Requires integrated understanding of events at the level of molecules, cells, and organs

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4
Q

Milieu exterieur

A

surrounds the whole organism

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5
Q

Milieu interieur

A

Tissues and cells of the organisms live in here

Extracellular fluid

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6
Q

What can released molecules initiate?

A

Signal transduction to modify gene transcription and a wide range of other cell functions

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7
Q

Fixte du milieu interieur

A

Free independent life

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

Control of a vital parameter

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9
Q

Negative feedback mechanism requirements

A

Sense vital parameter
Compare input signal with set point
Multiply error signal by proportionality factor
Output signal activates effector mechanism

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10
Q

Physiology

A

study of homeostatic mechanisms that allow an organism to persist despite ever-changing pressures of environment

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11
Q

5 Constituents of the cytoplasm

A 
myriad proteins
nucleic acids
nucleotides
synthesized sugars
accumulated sugars
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12
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Forms cell’s outer skin

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13
Q

Permeability of plasma membrane

A

Impermeable to large molecules

Selectively permeable to small molecules

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14
Q

Active transport

A

Use metabolic energy to drive uphill movements of substances

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15
Q

Principle constituents of cellular membrane

A

Lipid and proteins

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16
Q

Head groupd

A

Identity determines name as well as properties of phospholipids

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17
Q

Phosphatidylethanolamines

A

Ethanolamine in head group

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18
Q

Phospholipid characteristics at low concentrations

A

Monolayer
Hydrophilic head groups are fully dissolved
Hydrophobic tails stick up in the air

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19
Q

Phospholipid characteristics at medium concentrations

A

Micelles
Headgroups form surfaces of small spheres
Tails point toward their centers

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20
Q

Phospholipid characteristics at high concentrations

A

Bilayers
Arrange into two parallel sheets facing each other tail to tail
Leaflets

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21
Q

Why can detergents dissolve phospholipid membranes

A

Both are amphipathic

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22
Q

Sol state

A

High temperatures: thermal energy is greater than interaction energy
Lateral diffusion is rapid

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23
Q

Gel state

A

Lower temperatures: interaction energy is greater than thermal energy
Lateral diffusion is slow

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24
Q

Transition temperature

A

Bilayer membrane converts from the gel to the sol phase (and vice versa)

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25
Sphingomyelins
Sphingolipids because they contain sphingosine | Phospholipids because they contain a phosphate group
26
Why is the rate of "flip-flop" low for phospholipids?
Hydrophilic head group would have to transit central hydrophobic core
27
Movement of phospholipids
Move side to side, flex, and rotate
28
Inner surface of plasma membrane
Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine
29
Outer surface of plasma membrane
Almost exclusively phosphatidycholine
30
Membrane microdomains
Caveolae Caveolins Rafts
31
Caveolae
Flask shaped invaginations of plasma membrane
32
Cavolins
Proteins making up the coat for caveolae
33
Rafts
Defined by biochemical behaviors of constituents when surrounding membrane is dissolved in nonionic detergents
34
Peripherally associated membrane proteins
Adhere to cytoplasmic or extracellular surfaces | Can be removed by very high salt concentration or very low salt concentration
35
What disrupts ionic bonds in peripherally associated membrane proteins
Very high salt concentrations
36
What disrupts hydrogen bonds in peripherally associated membrane proteins
Very low salt concentrations
37
Integral membrane proteins
Intimately associate with lipid bilayer | Membrane must be dissolved to dislodge
38
What are the possible integral membrane protein associations
Transmembrane Embedded in bilayer Lipid-anchored proteins
39
Transmembrane proteins
Span the lipid bilayer
40
Embedded proteins
Doesn't cross the bilayer
41
Lipid-anchored proteins
Attached by covalent bond or fatty-acid derivative
42
Membrane spanning a-helices
Short stretches of aa that pass through membrane once | Mainly non-polar aa
43
Topology
Pattern with which the transmembrane protein weaves across lipid bilayer
44
Multimeric proteins
Membrane proteins form tight, noncovalent associations with other membrane proteins in plane of bilayer Increase stability
45
Ligand-binding receptors
Comprise group of transmembrane proteins that most clearly illustrate concept of transmembrane signaling
46
Adhesion molecules
Form physical contacts with surrounding EC matrix or with the cellular neighbors
47
Integrins
Comprise large family of transmembrane proteins that link cells to EC matrix
48
Cell-cell adhesion molecules
Attach cells to each other
49
Cadherins
Glycoproteins with one membrane spanning segment and a large extracellular domain that binds Ca2+
50
N-CAMs
Neural cell adhesion molecules | Members of immunoglobulin superfamily
51
GPI-linked class
Linked to membrane phospholipids via an oligosaccharide
52
Effect of loss of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions
Hallmark characteristic of metastatic tumor cells
53
Pores and channels
Allow water, specific ions, very large proteins to flow passively through bilayer
54
Carriers
Facilitate transport of specific molecule across membrane | Couple transport of a molecule to that of other solutes
55
Pumps
Use energy released by ATP hydrolysis to drive transport of substances into or out of the cells against energy gradients
56
Amphipathic helices
Hydrophobic aa alternate with hydrophilic aa at regular intervals
57
Nuclear pores
Penetrate nuclear envelope and provide transport between cytoplasm and nuclear interior
58
Chromatin
Complex between DNA and DNA-binding proteins
59
Nucleosomes
Chain of tightly folded DNA-protein assemblies
60
Proton pumps
Embedded within lysosome's limiting membrane | Aids in protein hydrolysis
61
Endocytic vesicle
Surrounds material that has been internalized from cell exterior by endocytosis
62
Tubulin
Heterodimers form microtubules
63
Plus end vs minus end
Heterodimers can be added at 3x speed at the plus end
64
Centrosome
Microtubule-organizing center
65
Basal body
Centriole situated at ciliary root
66
Cilia
Present on surface of epithelial cells
67
Radial spokes
Connect outer tubules to central pair
68
What do Muscle heavy chains consist of?
The N-terminal head A neck, lever, linker, or hinge C-terminal rod or tail
69
Kinesins
Hydrolyze ATP and convert this energy into mechanical transitions causing kinesins to walk along microtubule
70
Cytoplasmic dynein
Moves in plus to minus direction (retrograde)
71
Thin filaments
Helical polymers composed of globular actin (G-actin)
72
How are thin filaments functionally similar to microtubules?
Actin polymers are polar and grow at different rates at each end Actin binds and then hydrolyzes a nucleotide
73
Thick filaments
Composed of dimers of myosin
74
Myosin
Helical tails and globular head groups | Hydrolyze ATP at head group
75
What family are myosin molecules in muscles a part of?
Myosin II
76
Cell locomotion
Arrays of actin-myosin filaments are responsible
77
Growth cone
Tip of growing axon Richly endowed with contractile fibers Capable of same motions that characterize motile cells
78
Amino-terminal extensions
Present on most secretory or membrane proteins | Never on soluble proteins in cytosol
79
Signal-recognition particle (SRP)
Ribonucleoprotein complex | 7 distinct polypeptides
80
Translation arrest
Protein synthesis is stopped | Persists until SRP-nascent peptide-ribosome complex finds unoccupied docking protein
81
Translocon
Contains tunnel or nascent protein to pass through across rough ER membrane
82
Glycosylation
Enzymatic, en-bloc coupling of preassembled oligosaccharide chains to asparagine residues
83
Protein disulfide isomerase
Catalyzes disulfide bond formation | Enzyme retained in the ER lumen through noncovalent interactions with ER membrane proteins
84
Tertiary structure
Folding of the protein
85
Chaperones
Large class of ATP-hydrolyzing proteins that appear to participate in wide variety of polypeptide-folding phenomena
86
Unfolded protein response activation mechanisms
Feedback control Cell fate regulation Adaptive response
87
Feedback control
Regulating rate of protein synthesis by temporarily halting protein translation
88
Cell fate regulation
Recognizing and eliminating misfolded proteins
89
Adaptive response
Ramping up production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding
90
Ubiquitin
Marks proteins for destruction
91
Retrotranslocation
Removes ubiquitin-tagged proteins from ER membrane
92
Proteasome
Degrades ubiquitinated proteins
93
Secretory pathway
Rout followed by all secretory and membrane proteins
94
Porosomes
Universal secretory machinery in cells
95
Coatamer
Involved in trafficking of proteins between ER and Golgi and between stacks of the Golgi
96
How do coatamer coats differ from clathrin cages?
Coatamer coats are composed of several coatamer proteins Clathrin cages formation is spontaneous, coatamer coat assembly requires ATP Coatamer coat remains until vesicle docks with target membrane
97
SNAREs
Receptors for SNAPs
98
Calnexin and Calreticulin
ER proteins that retain misfolded proteins until they are folded properly or degraded
99
Trans-Golgi Network (TGN)
Sorts proteins
100
Tunicamycin
Blocks addition of N-linked sugars to newly synthesized proteins preventing M6P recognition markers from attaching
101
Fluid phase endocytosis
Uptake of materials dissolved in ECF and not bound to receptors on cell surface
102
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Molecules bind to cell-surface receptors with high affinity
103
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FHC)
Caused by defect in gene encoding LDL receptor
104
Features of epithelia
Connect to one another via tight junctions | Tight junctions define boundary between apical and basolateral domain
105
Central cilium
Sense mechanical deformation associated with fluid flow
106
Tight junction
Complex structure impedes passage of molecules and ions between cells of epithelial monolayer
107
Claudins
Principal structural elements of tight junction
108
Roles of tight junctions
Barriers Selective gates Fences
109
Tight junction barriers
Separate one compartment from another
110
Tight junction selective gates
Permit certain solutes to flow easier than others
111
Tight junction fences
Separate polarized surfaces of epithelial plasm into apical and basolateral domains
112
What information do epithelial cells need
Must know which end is up | Must know there are neighbors to establish cell-cell contacts
113
Gap junctions
Interconnect cytosols of neighboring cells
114
Desmosomes
Holds adjacent cells together at a single, round spot
115
What are the four types of extracellular signaling molecules
Amines Peptides and proteins Steroids Other small molecules
116
Five categories of receptor
``` Ligand-gated ion channels G proteins-coupled receptors Catalytic receptors Nuclear receptors Receptors that undergo clevage ```
117
Six steps of signaling
``` Recognition Transduction Transmission Modulation Response Termination ```
118
Gs
Stimulates adenylyl cyclase
119
Gi
Inhibits adenylyl cyclase
120
Families of GTP-binding proteins
``` Ras Rho Rab Arf Ran ```
121
Ras proteins
Regulate gene transcription
122
Rho proteins
Rearrangement of cytoskeleton
123
Rab and Arf proteins
Vesicle trafficking
124
Ran proteins
Nucleocytoplasmic transport
125
Which step of gene expression is most commonly regulated?
Step 2 Initiation of transcription
126
How is chromatin remodeling regulated?
Histone acetylation | DNA methylation
127
How is initiation of transcription regulated?
Transcriptional activation or repression
128
How is termination of transcription regulated?
Premature termination
129
How is RNA processing regulated?
Alternative splicing
130
How is nucleocytoplasmic transport regulated?
Blockade of transport
131
How is translation regulated?
Control of translation
132
How is mRNA degradation regulated?
mRNA stability
133
What mediates splicing?
snRNPs
134
What are snRNPs?
Complex of proteins and snRNA
135
Ligand-gated ion channels Ligand or Agonist
Small organic molecules, neurotransmitters
136
Ligand-gated ion channels receptor location
Membrane bound
137
Ligand-gated ion channels receptor subunit structure
Multimer
138
Ligand-gated ion channels receptor-ligand affinity
Low
139
Ligand-gated ion channels Receptor function
Ion channel opens or closes
140
Ligand-gated ion channels termination of signal
Diffusion from cleft Degradative enzymes Presynaptic neuron reuptake
141
Nuclear receptor ligand or agonist
Contains hydrophobic AAs or sterol nucleus
142
Nuclear receptor location
Cytoplasm (bonded to chaperone) | Nucleus
143
Nuclear receptor subunit structure
Intracellular soluble protein
144
Nuclear receptor function
Transcription Factors
145
Importance of Promoter region in DNA
Basal Transcription Machinery Assembles
146
Importance of TATA box in DNA
TFIID binds and anchors Pol II
147
Importance of 5' Flanking Regions in DNA
Contains enhancers and suppressor sequences
148
Importance of Introns and Exons in DNA
Transcribed
149
What parts of DNA are included in the transcript?
Introns and Exons
150
Importance of 7-methyl guanosine cap in RNA
Add to mRNA transcript and is required for export out of nucleus
151
Importance of Introns in RNA
Translated or spliced out (siRNA or miRNA)
152
Importance of Exons in RNA
Translated or spliced out
153
Importance of Poly A tail in RNA
Adds stability to mRNA
154
Importance of 5' UTR in RNA
Location for ribosome to sit prior to translating mRNA
155
Types of Seizures
General onset seizure | Focal onset seizure
156
General Onset and Focal Onset Seizure motor symptoms
Jerking movements (clonic) Weak/limp muscles (atonic) Brief muscle twitch (myoclonus) Tense/rigid muscles (tonic)
157
General onset seizure non-motor symptoms
Atypical absence seizures (staring spells) | Brief myoclonus in a specific body part/eyelids
158
Focal Onset Seizure non-motor symptoms
Changes in sensation/emotion Changes in thinking/cognition Changes in autonomous function Lack of movement
159
General onset seizure
Global seizure in the brain
160
Focal onset seizure
Specific part of the brain
161
Main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
Glutamate
162
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
GABA
163
Hyperfunction of iGluRs diseases/disorders
``` Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease Stroked induced ischemic injuries Depression Epilepsy Intellectual disability ```
164
Hypofunction of iGluRs diseases/disorders
Epilepsy Intellectual disability Schizophrenia
165
Excitatory receptor ion channel
Na+ K+ Ca2+
166
Inhibitory receptor ion chanel
Cl-
167
Misfolded protein in Alzheimer's Disease
A-beta | Tau
168
Misfolded protein in Parkinson's disease
alpha-Synuclein
169
Misfolded protein in Lewy-body dementia
alpha-Synuclein
170
Misfolded protein in Huntington's disease
Huntingtin
171
Misfolded protein in Amyotropic lateral sclerosis
Superoxide dismutase | FUS
172
Misfolded protein in Frontotemporal dementia
Tau | TDP-43
173
Misfolded protein in Spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases)
Prion protein
174
What causes Insulin Resistance?
``` Genes Gender Adiposity Diet Exercise Hyperglycemia Drugs Infection ```
175
Osmolality
of particles free in solution/kg solvent (unit= Osm)
176
Osmolarity
of particles free in solution/unit volume of solvent
177
Effective osmolyte
a nonpermeant solute that drives movement of water
178
Tonicity
effective osmolality, doesn't count permeants, determines whether water will shift compartments (more specific than osmolarity)
179
Bulk Electroneutrality
of negative charges = # of positive charges in solution
180
Osmotic pressure
Pressure created by osmotic gradient that drives the movement of water
181
Oncotic Pressure
Type of osmotic pressure that is generated due to proteins within the plasma
182
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure exerted by a stationary fluid (P=(rho)gh)
183
Nernst Equation
Ex = (60/z)*log([X]o/[X]i) | Units: mV
184
Na+ Interstitium concentration
145 mM
185
K+ Interstitium concentration
4.5 mM
186
Ca2+ Interstitium concentration
1.2 mM
187
Cl- Interstitium concentration
116 mM
188
Na+ Intracellular concentration
15 mM
189
K+ Intracellular concentration
120 mM
190
Ca2+ Intracellular concentration
10^-7 M
191
Cl- Intracellular concentration
20 mM
192
Driving Force equation
Vm - Ex
193
Where does Mfn1 bind
Outer mitochondrial membrane
194
Where does OPA1 bind
Inner mitochondrial membrane
195
What is DRP1's receptor
Fis1
196
Na+ Plasma Concentration
142 mM
197
Na+ Protein-free plasma concentration
153 mM
198
K+ Plasma concentration
4.4
199
K+ Protein-free plasma concentration
4.7 mM
200
Ca2+ Plasma concentration
1. 2 mM (ionized) | 2. 4 mM (total)
201
Ca2+ Protein-free Plasma concentration
1.3 mM (ionized)
202
Cl- Plasma concentration
102 mM
203
Cl- Protein-free plasma concentration
110 mM
204
Intracellular osmolality
290 mOsm
205
ECF osmolality
290 mOsm
206
Plasma osmolality
291 mOsm
207
Plasma and interstitial fluid pH
7.4
208
Cellular pH
7.2
209
Primary active transport
Energy from ATP hydrolysis coupled to "uphill" movement | Ex: Na+/K+ ATPase
210
Secondary active transport
Energy from existing gradients coupled to "uphill" movement | Ex: Na+/Ca2+ exchange
211
Passive transport
``` Simple diffusion (through lipid bilayer) Facilitated diffusion (specialized transport proteins) ```
212
Na+ Equilibrium potential
+61 mV
213
K+ Equilibrium potential
-88 mV
214
Ca2+ Equilibrium potential
+125 mV
215
Cl- Equilibrium potential
-47 mV
216
Na+ Driving Force
-121 mV | IN
217
K+ Driving Force
+28 mV | OUT
218
Ca2+ Driving Force
-185 mV | IN
219
Cl- Driving Force
-13 mV | OUT
220
Current and conductance
Ik = Gk * (Vm - Ek)
221
Parallel Batteries Model
Vm = G'na*Ena + G'k*Ek
222
G'na
Gna/(Gna+Gk)
223
G'k
Gk/(Gna+Gk)
224
Troponin T
Binds a single molecule of tropomyosin
225
Troponin C
Binds Ca2+
226
Troponin I
Binds actin and inhibits contraction

Medical Physiology I (8 decks)

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