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Medical Physiology I > Block 1 Exam > Flashcards

Block 1 Exam Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

General physiolgy

A

Focus on the cellular principles that are common to the function of all organs and tissues

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2
Q

Comparative physiology

A

Focuses on differences and similarities among different species

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3
Q

Medical physiology

A

Deals with how the human body functions

Requires integrated understanding of events at the level of molecules, cells, and organs

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4
Q

Milieu exterieur

A

surrounds the whole organism

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5
Q

Milieu interieur

A

Tissues and cells of the organisms live in here

Extracellular fluid

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6
Q

What can released molecules initiate?

A

Signal transduction to modify gene transcription and a wide range of other cell functions

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7
Q

Fixte du milieu interieur

A

Free independent life

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

Control of a vital parameter

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9
Q

Negative feedback mechanism requirements

A

Sense vital parameter
Compare input signal with set point
Multiply error signal by proportionality factor
Output signal activates effector mechanism

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10
Q

Physiology

A

study of homeostatic mechanisms that allow an organism to persist despite ever-changing pressures of environment

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11
Q

5 Constituents of the cytoplasm

A 
myriad proteins
nucleic acids
nucleotides
synthesized sugars
accumulated sugars
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12
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Forms cell’s outer skin

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13
Q

Permeability of plasma membrane

A

Impermeable to large molecules

Selectively permeable to small molecules

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14
Q

Active transport

A

Use metabolic energy to drive uphill movements of substances

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15
Q

Principle constituents of cellular membrane

A

Lipid and proteins

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16
Q

Head groupd

A

Identity determines name as well as properties of phospholipids

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17
Q

Phosphatidylethanolamines

A

Ethanolamine in head group

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18
Q

Phospholipid characteristics at low concentrations

A

Monolayer
Hydrophilic head groups are fully dissolved
Hydrophobic tails stick up in the air

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19
Q

Phospholipid characteristics at medium concentrations

A

Micelles
Headgroups form surfaces of small spheres
Tails point toward their centers

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20
Q

Phospholipid characteristics at high concentrations

A

Bilayers
Arrange into two parallel sheets facing each other tail to tail
Leaflets

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21
Q

Why can detergents dissolve phospholipid membranes

A

Both are amphipathic

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22
Q

Sol state

A

High temperatures: thermal energy is greater than interaction energy
Lateral diffusion is rapid

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23
Q

Gel state

A

Lower temperatures: interaction energy is greater than thermal energy
Lateral diffusion is slow

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24
Q

Transition temperature

A

Bilayer membrane converts from the gel to the sol phase (and vice versa)

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25
Q

Sphingomyelins

A

Sphingolipids because they contain sphingosine

Phospholipids because they contain a phosphate group

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26
Q

Why is the rate of “flip-flop” low for phospholipids?

A

Hydrophilic head group would have to transit central hydrophobic core

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27
Q

Movement of phospholipids

A

Move side to side, flex, and rotate

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28
Q

Inner surface of plasma membrane

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine

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29
Q

Outer surface of plasma membrane

A

Almost exclusively phosphatidycholine

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30
Q

Membrane microdomains

A

Caveolae
Caveolins
Rafts

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31
Q

Caveolae

A

Flask shaped invaginations of plasma membrane

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32
Q

Cavolins

A

Proteins making up the coat for caveolae

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33
Q

Rafts

A

Defined by biochemical behaviors of constituents when surrounding membrane is dissolved in nonionic detergents

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34
Q

Peripherally associated membrane proteins

A

Adhere to cytoplasmic or extracellular surfaces

Can be removed by very high salt concentration or very low salt concentration

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35
Q

What disrupts ionic bonds in peripherally associated membrane proteins

A

Very high salt concentrations

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36
Q

What disrupts hydrogen bonds in peripherally associated membrane proteins

A

Very low salt concentrations

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37
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Intimately associate with lipid bilayer

Membrane must be dissolved to dislodge

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38
Q

What are the possible integral membrane protein associations

A

Transmembrane
Embedded in bilayer
Lipid-anchored proteins

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39
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Span the lipid bilayer

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40
Q

Embedded proteins

A

Doesn’t cross the bilayer

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41
Q

Lipid-anchored proteins

A

Attached by covalent bond or fatty-acid derivative

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42
Q

Membrane spanning a-helices

A

Short stretches of aa that pass through membrane once

Mainly non-polar aa

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43
Q

Topology

A

Pattern with which the transmembrane protein weaves across lipid bilayer

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44
Q

Multimeric proteins

A

Membrane proteins form tight, noncovalent associations with other membrane proteins in plane of bilayer
Increase stability

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45
Q

Ligand-binding receptors

A

Comprise group of transmembrane proteins that most clearly illustrate concept of transmembrane signaling

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46
Q

Adhesion molecules

A

Form physical contacts with surrounding EC matrix or with the cellular neighbors

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47
Q

Integrins

A

Comprise large family of transmembrane proteins that link cells to EC matrix

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48
Q

Cell-cell adhesion molecules

A

Attach cells to each other

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49
Q

Cadherins

A

Glycoproteins with one membrane spanning segment and a large extracellular domain that binds Ca2+

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50
Q

N-CAMs

A

Neural cell adhesion molecules

Members of immunoglobulin superfamily

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51
Q

GPI-linked class

A

Linked to membrane phospholipids via an oligosaccharide

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52
Q

Effect of loss of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions

A

Hallmark characteristic of metastatic tumor cells

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53
Q

Pores and channels

A

Allow water, specific ions, very large proteins to flow passively through bilayer

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54
Q

Carriers

A

Facilitate transport of specific molecule across membrane

Couple transport of a molecule to that of other solutes

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55
Q

Pumps

A

Use energy released by ATP hydrolysis to drive transport of substances into or out of the cells against energy gradients

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56
Q

Amphipathic helices

A

Hydrophobic aa alternate with hydrophilic aa at regular intervals

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57
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Penetrate nuclear envelope and provide transport between cytoplasm and nuclear interior

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58
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex between DNA and DNA-binding proteins

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59
Q

Nucleosomes

A

Chain of tightly folded DNA-protein assemblies

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60
Q

Proton pumps

A

Embedded within lysosome’s limiting membrane

Aids in protein hydrolysis

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61
Q

Endocytic vesicle

A

Surrounds material that has been internalized from cell exterior by endocytosis

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62
Q

Tubulin

A

Heterodimers form microtubules

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63
Q

Plus end vs minus end

A

Heterodimers can be added at 3x speed at the plus end

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64
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule-organizing center

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65
Q

Basal body

A

Centriole situated at ciliary root

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66
Q

Cilia

A

Present on surface of epithelial cells

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67
Q

Radial spokes

A

Connect outer tubules to central pair

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68
Q

What do Muscle heavy chains consist of?

A

The N-terminal head
A neck, lever, linker, or hinge
C-terminal rod or tail

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69
Q

Kinesins

A

Hydrolyze ATP and convert this energy into mechanical transitions causing kinesins to walk along microtubule

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70
Q

Cytoplasmic dynein

A

Moves in plus to minus direction (retrograde)

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71
Q

Thin filaments

A

Helical polymers composed of globular actin (G-actin)

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72
Q

How are thin filaments functionally similar to microtubules?

A

Actin polymers are polar and grow at different rates at each end
Actin binds and then hydrolyzes a nucleotide

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73
Q

Thick filaments

A

Composed of dimers of myosin

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74
Q

Myosin

A

Helical tails and globular head groups

Hydrolyze ATP at head group

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75
Q

What family are myosin molecules in muscles a part of?

A

Myosin II

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76
Q

Cell locomotion

A

Arrays of actin-myosin filaments are responsible

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77
Q

Growth cone

A

Tip of growing axon
Richly endowed with contractile fibers
Capable of same motions that characterize motile cells

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78
Q

Amino-terminal extensions

A

Present on most secretory or membrane proteins

Never on soluble proteins in cytosol

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79
Q

Signal-recognition particle (SRP)

A

Ribonucleoprotein complex

7 distinct polypeptides

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80
Q

Translation arrest

A

Protein synthesis is stopped

Persists until SRP-nascent peptide-ribosome complex finds unoccupied docking protein

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81
Q

Translocon

A

Contains tunnel or nascent protein to pass through across rough ER membrane

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82
Q

Glycosylation

A

Enzymatic, en-bloc coupling of preassembled oligosaccharide chains to asparagine residues

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83
Q

Protein disulfide isomerase

A

Catalyzes disulfide bond formation

Enzyme retained in the ER lumen through noncovalent interactions with ER membrane proteins

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84
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Folding of the protein

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85
Q

Chaperones

A

Large class of ATP-hydrolyzing proteins that appear to participate in wide variety of polypeptide-folding phenomena

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86
Q

Unfolded protein response activation mechanisms

A

Feedback control
Cell fate regulation
Adaptive response

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87
Q

Feedback control

A

Regulating rate of protein synthesis by temporarily halting protein translation

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88
Q

Cell fate regulation

A

Recognizing and eliminating misfolded proteins

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89
Q

Adaptive response

A

Ramping up production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding

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90
Q

Ubiquitin

A

Marks proteins for destruction

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91
Q

Retrotranslocation

A

Removes ubiquitin-tagged proteins from ER membrane

92
Q

Proteasome

A

Degrades ubiquitinated proteins

93
Q

Secretory pathway

A

Rout followed by all secretory and membrane proteins

94
Q

Porosomes

A

Universal secretory machinery in cells

95
Q

Coatamer

A

Involved in trafficking of proteins between ER and Golgi and between stacks of the Golgi

96
Q

How do coatamer coats differ from clathrin cages?

A

Coatamer coats are composed of several coatamer proteins
Clathrin cages formation is spontaneous, coatamer coat assembly requires ATP
Coatamer coat remains until vesicle docks with target membrane

97
Q

SNAREs

A

Receptors for SNAPs

98
Q

Calnexin and Calreticulin

A

ER proteins that retain misfolded proteins until they are folded properly or degraded

99
Q

Trans-Golgi Network (TGN)

A

Sorts proteins

100
Q

Tunicamycin

A

Blocks addition of N-linked sugars to newly synthesized proteins preventing M6P recognition markers from attaching

101
Q

Fluid phase endocytosis

A

Uptake of materials dissolved in ECF and not bound to receptors on cell surface

102
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Molecules bind to cell-surface receptors with high affinity

103
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FHC)

A

Caused by defect in gene encoding LDL receptor

104
Q

Features of epithelia

A

Connect to one another via tight junctions

Tight junctions define boundary between apical and basolateral domain

105
Q

Central cilium

A

Sense mechanical deformation associated with fluid flow

106
Q

Tight junction

A

Complex structure impedes passage of molecules and ions between cells of epithelial monolayer

107
Q

Claudins

A

Principal structural elements of tight junction

108
Q

Roles of tight junctions

A

Barriers
Selective gates
Fences

109
Q

Tight junction barriers

A

Separate one compartment from another

110
Q

Tight junction selective gates

A

Permit certain solutes to flow easier than others

111
Q

Tight junction fences

A

Separate polarized surfaces of epithelial plasm into apical and basolateral domains

112
Q

What information do epithelial cells need

A

Must know which end is up

Must know there are neighbors to establish cell-cell contacts

113
Q

Gap junctions

A

Interconnect cytosols of neighboring cells

114
Q

Desmosomes

A

Holds adjacent cells together at a single, round spot

115
Q

What are the four types of extracellular signaling molecules

A

Amines
Peptides and proteins
Steroids
Other small molecules

116
Q

Five categories of receptor

A 
Ligand-gated ion channels
G proteins-coupled receptors
Catalytic receptors
Nuclear receptors
Receptors that undergo clevage
117
Q

Six steps of signaling

A 
Recognition
Transduction
Transmission
Modulation
Response
Termination
118
Q

Gs

A

Stimulates adenylyl cyclase

119
Q

Gi

A

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase

120
Q

Families of GTP-binding proteins

A 
Ras
Rho
Rab
Arf
Ran
121
Q

Ras proteins

A

Regulate gene transcription

122
Q

Rho proteins

A

Rearrangement of cytoskeleton

123
Q

Rab and Arf proteins

A

Vesicle trafficking

124
Q

Ran proteins

A

Nucleocytoplasmic transport

125
Q

Which step of gene expression is most commonly regulated?

A

Step 2 Initiation of transcription

126
Q

How is chromatin remodeling regulated?

A

Histone acetylation

DNA methylation

127
Q

How is initiation of transcription regulated?

A

Transcriptional activation or repression

128
Q

How is termination of transcription regulated?

A

Premature termination

129
Q

How is RNA processing regulated?

A

Alternative splicing

130
Q

How is nucleocytoplasmic transport regulated?

A

Blockade of transport

131
Q

How is translation regulated?

A

Control of translation

132
Q

How is mRNA degradation regulated?

A

mRNA stability

133
Q

What mediates splicing?

A

snRNPs

134
Q

What are snRNPs?

A

Complex of proteins and snRNA

135
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels Ligand or Agonist

A

Small organic molecules, neurotransmitters

136
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels receptor location

A

Membrane bound

137
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels receptor subunit structure

A

Multimer

138
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels receptor-ligand affinity

A

Low

139
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels Receptor function

A

Ion channel opens or closes

140
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels termination of signal

A

Diffusion from cleft
Degradative enzymes
Presynaptic neuron reuptake

141
Q

Nuclear receptor ligand or agonist

A

Contains hydrophobic AAs or sterol nucleus

142
Q

Nuclear receptor location

A

Cytoplasm (bonded to chaperone)

Nucleus

143
Q

Nuclear receptor subunit structure

A

Intracellular soluble protein

144
Q

Nuclear receptor function

A

Transcription Factors

145
Q

Importance of Promoter region in DNA

A

Basal Transcription Machinery Assembles

146
Q

Importance of TATA box in DNA

A

TFIID binds and anchors Pol II

147
Q

Importance of 5’ Flanking Regions in DNA

A

Contains enhancers and suppressor sequences

148
Q

Importance of Introns and Exons in DNA

A

Transcribed

149
Q

What parts of DNA are included in the transcript?

A

Introns and Exons

150
Q

Importance of 7-methyl guanosine cap in RNA

A

Add to mRNA transcript and is required for export out of nucleus

151
Q

Importance of Introns in RNA

A

Translated or spliced out (siRNA or miRNA)

152
Q

Importance of Exons in RNA

A

Translated or spliced out

153
Q

Importance of Poly A tail in RNA

A

Adds stability to mRNA

154
Q

Importance of 5’ UTR in RNA

A

Location for ribosome to sit prior to translating mRNA

155
Q

Types of Seizures

A

General onset seizure

Focal onset seizure

156
Q

General Onset and Focal Onset Seizure motor symptoms

A

Jerking movements (clonic)
Weak/limp muscles (atonic)
Brief muscle twitch (myoclonus)
Tense/rigid muscles (tonic)

157
Q

General onset seizure non-motor symptoms

A

Atypical absence seizures (staring spells)

Brief myoclonus in a specific body part/eyelids

158
Q

Focal Onset Seizure non-motor symptoms

A

Changes in sensation/emotion
Changes in thinking/cognition
Changes in autonomous function
Lack of movement

159
Q

General onset seizure

A

Global seizure in the brain

160
Q

Focal onset seizure

A

Specific part of the brain

161
Q

Main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

Glutamate

162
Q

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

163
Q

Hyperfunction of iGluRs diseases/disorders

A 
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
Stroked induced ischemic injuries
Depression
Epilepsy
Intellectual disability
164
Q

Hypofunction of iGluRs diseases/disorders

A

Epilepsy
Intellectual disability
Schizophrenia

165
Q

Excitatory receptor ion channel

A

Na+
K+
Ca2+

166
Q

Inhibitory receptor ion chanel

A

Cl-

167
Q

Misfolded protein in Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A-beta

Tau

168
Q

Misfolded protein in Parkinson’s disease

A

alpha-Synuclein

169
Q

Misfolded protein in Lewy-body dementia

A

alpha-Synuclein

170
Q

Misfolded protein in Huntington’s disease

A

Huntingtin

171
Q

Misfolded protein in Amyotropic lateral sclerosis

A

Superoxide dismutase

FUS

172
Q

Misfolded protein in Frontotemporal dementia

A

Tau

TDP-43

173
Q

Misfolded protein in Spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases)

A

Prion protein

174
Q

What causes Insulin Resistance?

A 
Genes
Gender
Adiposity
Diet
Exercise
Hyperglycemia
Drugs
Infection
175
Q

Osmolality

A

of particles free in solution/kg solvent (unit= Osm)

176
Q

Osmolarity

A

of particles free in solution/unit volume of solvent

177
Q

Effective osmolyte

A

a nonpermeant solute that drives movement of water

178
Q

Tonicity

A

effective osmolality, doesn’t count permeants, determines whether water will shift compartments (more specific than osmolarity)

179
Q

Bulk Electroneutrality

A

of negative charges = # of positive charges in solution

180
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure created by osmotic gradient that drives the movement of water

181
Q

Oncotic Pressure

A

Type of osmotic pressure that is generated due to proteins within the plasma

182
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by a stationary fluid (P=(rho)gh)

183
Q

Nernst Equation

A

Ex = (60/z)*log([X]o/[X]i)

Units: mV

184
Q

Na+ Interstitium concentration

A

145 mM

185
Q

K+ Interstitium concentration

A

4.5 mM

186
Q

Ca2+ Interstitium concentration

A

1.2 mM

187
Q

Cl- Interstitium concentration

A

116 mM

188
Q

Na+ Intracellular concentration

A

15 mM

189
Q

K+ Intracellular concentration

A

120 mM

190
Q

Ca2+ Intracellular concentration

A

10^-7 M

191
Q

Cl- Intracellular concentration

A

20 mM

192
Q

Driving Force equation

A

Vm - Ex

193
Q

Where does Mfn1 bind

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane

194
Q

Where does OPA1 bind

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

195
Q

What is DRP1’s receptor

A

Fis1

196
Q

Na+ Plasma Concentration

A

142 mM

197
Q

Na+ Protein-free plasma concentration

A

153 mM

198
Q

K+ Plasma concentration

A

4.4

199
Q

K+ Protein-free plasma concentration

A

4.7 mM

200
Q

Ca2+ Plasma concentration

A
  1. 2 mM (ionized)

2. 4 mM (total)

201
Q

Ca2+ Protein-free Plasma concentration

A

1.3 mM (ionized)

202
Q

Cl- Plasma concentration

A

102 mM

203
Q

Cl- Protein-free plasma concentration

A

110 mM

204
Q

Intracellular osmolality

A

290 mOsm

205
Q

ECF osmolality

A

290 mOsm

206
Q

Plasma osmolality

A

291 mOsm

207
Q

Plasma and interstitial fluid pH

A

7.4

208
Q

Cellular pH

A

7.2

209
Q

Primary active transport

A

Energy from ATP hydrolysis coupled to “uphill” movement

Ex: Na+/K+ ATPase

210
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Energy from existing gradients coupled to “uphill” movement

Ex: Na+/Ca2+ exchange

211
Q

Passive transport

A 
Simple diffusion (through lipid bilayer)
Facilitated diffusion (specialized transport proteins)
212
Q

Na+ Equilibrium potential

A

+61 mV

213
Q

K+ Equilibrium potential

A

-88 mV

214
Q

Ca2+ Equilibrium potential

A

+125 mV

215
Q

Cl- Equilibrium potential

A

-47 mV

216
Q

Na+ Driving Force

A

-121 mV

IN

217
Q

K+ Driving Force

A

+28 mV

OUT

218
Q

Ca2+ Driving Force

A

-185 mV

IN

219
Q

Cl- Driving Force

A

-13 mV

OUT

220
Q

Current and conductance

A

Ik = Gk * (Vm - Ek)

221
Q

Parallel Batteries Model

A

Vm = G’naEna + G’kEk

222
Q

G’na

A

Gna/(Gna+Gk)

223
Q

G’k

A

Gk/(Gna+Gk)

224
Q

Troponin T

A

Binds a single molecule of tropomyosin

225
Q

Troponin C

A

Binds Ca2+

226
Q

Troponin I

A

Binds actin and inhibits contraction

Medical Physiology I (8 decks)

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