Block 7: The Endocrine & Digestive System Terms To Know Flashcards by Olivia Clare Johnson

Nervous vs Endocrine Control

Similarities
- communication is a two way street: brain to body & body to brain
- act together to control and coordinate body activities
- usage of chemical messengers for intercellular communication

Differences
- endocrine system:
a. messages are hormones
b. slow transmission and longer lasting effects
- nervous system:
a. messages are neurotransmitters and action potentials
b. faster transmission and shorter lasting effects

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Paracrine, Autocrine, and Endocrine Signaling

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Negative Feedback Control

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Positive Feedback Control

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Anterior Pituitary

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“Troph” Cells of the Anterior Pituitary Gland

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Tropic Hormones

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Trophic Hormones

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Posterior Pituitary

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Hypothalamus

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Hypophyseal Portal System

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Peptide Hormones

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Catecholamines

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Steroid Hormones

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Water/Lipid Solubility of Hormones

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General Mechanisms of Action for Hormones

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Hormone Half-Life (Water-Soluble vs Lipid-Soluble)

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Thyroid Gland

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Thyroid Follicles

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Follicular Cells

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Thyroglobulin

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Albumin

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Calcitonin

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Parathyroid Hormone

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Parafollicular Cells

Calcium Homeostasis

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

Prolactin (PRL)

Dopamine/Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

T3 and T4

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Grave’s Disease

Hashimoto’s Disease

Goiter

Growth Hormone

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone or Somatostatin (GHIH)

Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (Somatomedin)

Hyposecretion of GH

Hypersecretion of GH

Psychogenic Dwarfism

Gigantism

Acromegaly

Body Response to Stress

Adrenal Gland (Cortex and Medulla)

Glucocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids

Sex Steroids

DHEA

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Cortisol

Cushing’s Syndrome

Addison’s Disease

Endocrine Functions of Pancreas

Insulin

Glucagon

Diabetes Mellitus (Type I and II)

Lipogenesis

Glycogenesis

Gluconeogenesis

Protein Synthesis

Lipolysis

Glycogenolysis

Glycolysis

Proteolysis

Hormone Functions

Hormones regulate many aspects of the body - ion and nutrient levels in extracellular fluid and blood - metabolic pathways - biological clock - contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle - glandular secretion - immune functions - growth and development - reproduction - hunger and thirst - mood - body temperature

Lipids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Fatty Acids

Glycerol

Amino Acids

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Starch

Glycogen

Motility

Secretion

Digestion

Absorption

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis Externa

Serosa

Tissue Types in GI Tract

Enteric Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Heartburn

Peristalsis

Segmentation

Mechanical vs Chemical Digestion

Transporters for Absorption

Factors Contributing to GI Control

Gastrin

Histamine

Acetylcholine

Cholecystokinin

Secretin

GIP and GLP-1

Gherlin

Portions of GI Tract from Mouth to Anus

Digestive Processes in each part of GI Tract

Mouth

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

Esophagus

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

Regions and Functions of the Stomach

Antral Pump

Smooth Muscle Features and Functions

Pyloric Sphincter

Small Intestine and its Regions

Large Intestine/Colon

Ileocecal sphincter

Rectum

Anus

Mastication

Components, Functions, and Control of Saliva

Mechanism of Swallowing

GERD

Gastric Pits

Enteroendocrine Cells

Acid Production by Stomach

Pepsin vs Pepsinogen

Lingual Lipase

Gastric Lipase

Mucus

Parietal Cells

Chief Cells

Mucus Neck Cells

Villi vs Microvilli

Absorption of Substances from GI Tract

Chylomicrons

Lacteals

Pancreas

Pancreatic Amylase

Bicarbonate

Pancreatic Proteases

Pancreatic Lipase

Liver Cell Types and Functions

Gallbladder

Bile

Emulsification

Reflexes Associated with Motility and Defecation

Colon Functions

Rectum and Anus Functions

Water Secretion and Absorption in the GI Tract

Diarrhea/Watery Stool

Rate and Control of Digestion

Catabolism

Anabolism

Regulation and Control of Metabolism