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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture > Block 3: Muscular System - Lecture 3.1 > Flashcards

Block 3: Muscular System - Lecture 3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
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2
Q

What do all three muscle tissue types primarily rely on?

A

PROTEINS!!

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3
Q

The principles and concepts of what muscle tissue type help us to understand the other two muscle tissue types?

A

Skeletal muscle

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4
Q

What is the basic function of all muscle tissue?

A

To generate tension/force

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5
Q

How does the structure of muscle relate to its function?

A

In the body, structure always determines function.

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6
Q

What level of organization allows us to understand disease?

A

The molecular level

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7
Q

What level of organization corresponds with tissue and cellular organization?

A

Organ (structure) level
- connective tissue determines muscular function

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8
Q

In skeletal muscle cells, what role do proteins play?

A

Function to generate tension using excitation-contraction modeling

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9
Q

When talking about muscle mechanics, what is being referred to?

A

HOW muscles generate force

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10
Q

What does performance have to do with skeletal muscle?

A

Performance can change the anatomy and physiology of skeletal muscle

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11
Q

What does energy have to do with skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue aids in metabolism and ATP production

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12
Q

What are the 6 major functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Locomotion
  2. Facial expression
  3. Posture and body position
  4. Control of body openings and passages
  5. Regulation of body temperature
  6. Metabolism and endocrine functions
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13
Q

Describe how locomotion relates to the function of skeletal muscle.

A

Movement from place to place

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14
Q

Describe how facial expression relates to the function of skeletal muscle.

A

Understand how a person is feeling
- attachments with the CT of the skin, especially the fascia of the dermis

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15
Q

Describe how posture and body position relate to the function of skeletal muscle.

A

Muscles keep body upright

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16
Q

Describe how control of body openings and passages relate to the function of skeletal muscle.

A

VOLUNTARY!!
- controls what gets ingested (upper esophageal sphincter)
- controls exit of waste (external anal sphincter)
- controls urine elimination (external urethral sphincter)

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17
Q

Describe how regulation of body temperature relates to the function of skeletal muscle.

A

Muscle contraction generates heat to maintain temperature homeostasis

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18
Q

Describe how metabolism and endocrine functions relate to the function of skeletal muscle.

A
  • Metabolism aids in the produced of ATP
  • Endocrine system produces hormones
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19
Q

What does “voluntary contraction” mean?

A

We choose when to initiate movement
- true for most skeletal muscle
- requires nervous system input

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20
Q

What does is mean when a skeletal muscle is “automatic”?

A

Movement occurs without thought

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21
Q

What contraction pattern (voluntary or automatic) does the Diaphragm follow?

A

BOTH!
- automatic: typical, every day usage
- voluntary: ability to change its activity by taking a deep breath or holding a breath

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22
Q

What are “automated, rhythmic sequences”?

A

Large coordination or different muscle groups by signals sent through the spinal cord by neurons

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23
Q

What is an example of an automated, rhythmic sequence?

A

WALKING!

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24
Q

What are 4 examples of human movement in a practical setting?

A
  1. Fitness
  2. Dancing
  3. Clinical applications
  4. Physical therapy
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25
Q

How has technology helped us to understand human movement?

A

Models of skeletal muscle dynamics are used to develop engineering hardware/software to create robots that mimic human movements

26
Q

Muscles (pull/push) on bones.

A

PULL!

27
Q

What two components of skeletal muscles are used to predict the action of a muscle?

A
  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
28
Q

What is the “origin” of a muscle?

A

Place where muscle starts on a bone
- typically a fixed/stationary location

29
Q

What is the “insertion” of a muscle?

A

Place where muscle ends on a bone
- muscles have sculpted bones based on their pulling

30
Q

The (origin/insertion) of a muscle moves towards the (origin/insertion).

A

Insertion, origin

31
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, and the muscle associated with flexion of the forearm.

A
  1. Origin: Scapula (above the Glenoid Cavity)
  2. Insertion: Radius (radial tuberosity)
  3. Muscle: Biceps brachii
32
Q

What is the format when stating a muscles action?

A
  1. (Action) OF the (segment that is moving)
  2. (Action) AT the (joint that is moving)
33
Q

What is another way to say “flexion of the forearm”?

A

Flexion at the elbow

34
Q

When describing joint movements, what is the body positioned in?

A

Standard anatomical position
- body is fully extended except for the feet

35
Q

What is “flexion”?

A

Movement to reduce the angle at a joint

36
Q

What is “extension”?

A

Movement to increase the angle at a joint

37
Q

What is “hyperextension”?

A

Movement beyond standard anatomical position/full extension

38
Q

What is “abduction”?

A

Movement away from the midline/longitudinal axis of the body
- typically occurs along the frontal plane

39
Q

What is “adduction”?

A

Movement towards the midline/longitudinal axis of the body
- typically occurs along the frontal plane

40
Q

What is reverse muscle action?

A

Origin moves towards the insertion
- insertion is anchored
- ex: pull-up & standing up

41
Q

What are the 7 ways to classify a muscle based on bundle orientation?

A

1) Fusiform
2) Parallel
3) Triangular
4) Unipennate
5) Bipennate
6) Multipennate
7) Circular

42
Q

What is the cross-sectional area of a muscle?

A

Force of a muscle depends on CSA
- Parallel: smaller CSA = generates less force
- Unipennate: larger CSA = generates more force

43
Q

What allows different sections of the same muscle to be used at different times?

A

Different sections of the muscle fibers

44
Q

What is an example of a Fusiform muscle?

A

Biceps brachii

45
Q

What is an example of a Parallel muscle?

A

Rectus abdominis

46
Q

What is an example of a Triangular muscle?

A

Pectoralis major

47
Q

What is an example of a Unipennate muscle? How are the fibers oriented for a Unipennate muscle?

A

Palmar interosseous
- fibers oriented at an angle

48
Q

What is an example of a Bipennate muscle?

A

Rectus femoris

49
Q

What is an example of a Multipennate muscle?

A

Deltoid

50
Q

What is an example of a Circular muscle?

A

Orbicularis oculi

51
Q

What are the 4 ways to classify a muscle based on action?

A

1) Agonist
2) Antagonist
3) Synergist
4) Fixator

52
Q

What is an Agonist?

A

Muscle performing the action
- produces movement
- prime mover

53
Q

What is an Antagonist?

A

Muscle performing the opposite action of an agonist
- based on the action of the agonist

54
Q

What is a Synergist?

A

Helps agonist to make movement more efficient

55
Q

What is a Fixator?

A

A special synergist that prevents movement at the muscle origin
- fix the body in place while the surrounding muscles do the action

56
Q

What are the 3 ways to classify a muscle based on how it moves?

A

1) First Class Lever
2) Second Class Lever
3) Third Class Lever

57
Q

What is a First Class Lever? What is a mechanical advantage of First Class Levers?

A

Joint where the Fulcrum is in the middle
- ex: atlanto-occipital joint

Ability to use less force to move a greater load as the distance between the fulcrum and effort increases
- MA > 1

58
Q

What is a Second Class Lever? What is a mechanical advantage of Second Class Levers?

A

Joint where the Load is in the middle
- ex: standing on tip-toes
- typically holds the load of the entire body

Load is closer to the fulcrum than the effort is to the fulcrum
- MA > 1

59
Q

What is a Third Class Lever? What is a mechanical advantage and disadvantage of Third Class Levers?

A

Joint where the Effort is in the middle
- ex: hinge joint
- load is what is being carried
- effort is the insertion portion of the muscle performing the action

Advantage: increase range of motion and velocity of movement with small adjustments
Disadvantage: force from effort will always be greater than that of the load
- MA < 1

60
Q

What is torque?

A

Force that moves at an angle

Anatomy & Physiology Lecture (13 decks)

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