Block 6 1A Flashcards by Eldridge Scott

What are the four internetworking challenges?

Connectivity
Reliable service
Network management
Flexibility

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A _______________ is a connection of INDIVIDUAL NETWORKS, connected by intermediate by intermediate devices that function as a single large network.

Internetwork

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What are the two common devices used to address and overcome some of the internetworking challenges?

Routers and switches

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In network segmentation… routers and switches are used to segment a network into separate _____________ and separate ___________________.

Collision domains

Broadcast domains

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What is a group of devices connected to the same physical media so that when two devices try to access the media at the same time, the two signals will collide with each other and destroy and data stream?

Collision domain

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Ethernet (802.3) utilities a process called __________ to prevent more than one device accessing the network cable at any one time and reduce the number of collisions.

CSMA/CD

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A _______________ is a PORTION of the network, limited by its router connection to a specific group of host computers in a common LAN segment.

Broadcast domain

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Comm between devices on the broadcast domain are via

Data link layer address (MAC)

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All host in the broadcast domain share a common limited or local broadcast scheme of

255.255.255.255

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All host in the broadcast domain also share a common logical network layer scheme( directed broadcast) also called a ___________.

Subnet

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Actual communication across an internetwork is made possible by using _____________.

Communication protocols

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What is the worlds most popular open-system (nonproprietary) protocol suite because they can be used to communicate across any set of interconnect networks and are equally well suited for LAN and WAN comm?

Internet protocols (also called the TCP/IP protocol suite)

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Address schemes vary depending on the ___________ and the ____________.

Protocol family, OSI Layer

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How many physical network connections do host have?

One (thus have only one data-link address)

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What is an internetworking device that typically has multiple physical network connections?

Router (this having multiple data-link addresses.)

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___________ addresses usually exist within hierarchical address space and are called virtual or logical address.

Network address

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The relationship between a network address and a device is ____________

Logical and unfixed

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What are Protocols within a protocol suite that are responsible for providing the LOGICAL ADDRESSING that routers use to determine where to send the data packet on its way to the destination network?

Routed protocols

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Which encapsulates data to be sent over the network ?

Routed

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What protocols build routing tables?

Routing protocols

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Where do routed protocols occur?

Upper 5 layers of the OSI model

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It’s two primary responsibilities are providing Connectionless, best effort delivery of packets through an internetwork based on Logical address and providing fragmentation and reassembly of packets to support data links with different MTU sizes.

Internet protocol (IP)

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Packets at the receiving computer after crossing a network are identified as belonging to the same group by _____________.

Common identifier number

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What protocol is designed for address resolution which is the process of mapping IP network addresses to to MAC addresses?

Address resolution protocol (ARP)

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Protocols that enables network devices to learn MAC and network later address of other network devices. Also functions as keep alives to ensure a connected router is functional.

Hello protocols

A network layer internet management protocol that provides message packets to report errors and other information regarding packet processing back to the source.

ICMP

This can used to test IP through the network. It sends an ICMP echo request to a destination IP address. If the destination machine receives the request it responds with an ICMP echo reply.

Ping

What are routing protocols responsible for?

Path determination(layer 3) and packet switching (layer 2)

____________ calls for routed to be calculated automatically at regular intervals by software in routing tables.

Dynamic routing

An IP routing table, which consist of destination address/next hop pairs, is used to enable _______________.

Dynamic routing

Do routers monitor whether packets get to their final destination?

Does IP provide for error reporting back to the source when routing anomalies occur?

Internet routing devices have traditionally been called ____________. Within the routing world this refers to routers that perform routing protocol functions between machines.

Gateway

A collection of networks under a common administration that share a common routing strategy.

Autonomous system (AS)

___________ routers are used for information exchange within autonomous systems. Uses RIP,IGRP,OSPF,EIGRP

Interior gateway

____________ routers are used to move information between autonomous systems. Uses BGP

Exterior gateway

The act of moving information across a packet switching internetwork from a source to a destination?

Routing

What are used to connect one LAN segment to another LAN segment within a routing domain and to connect an administrative area to other remote areas?

Routers

What are the 3 methods of path determination?

Routing metrics Routing algorithms Routing tables

A mathematical formula used to calculate the cost in network resources associated with a specific pathway to a destination network. Initialize and maintain routing tables.

Routing algorithms

A standard unit of measurement such as path lengths that is used by routing algorithms to determine the optimal path to a destination.

Routing metrics

Electronic tables or databases containing updated information about available networks

Routing tables

What are the two ways routers communicate?

Broadcast and multicast

A message that generally consists of sending a whole routing table to all directly connected neighbor routers

Broadcast

A message sent between routers throughout a network to inform other routers of the STATE of the senders LINKS

Multicast

As the packet moves through the internetwork it's later 2 (mAc) address are __________ but is layer 3(network ) address ____________.

Changed | Remains constant

Reasons for packet destruction

1. Version # in packet header is wrong 2. Time to live counter expires 3. bit error or checksum (CRC) is wrong 4. DOD security bits are set And Pc is unauthorized 5. If packet must be fragmented In order and "allow fragmentation flag" has not been set.

What are the 3 external router components

Console port Auxiliary port Network interfaces

This router component allows you to configure the router remotely using a modem. Must be configured. Configured through the console port or any network interfaces.

Auxiliary port

This router component allows you to configure the router locally by providing direct access to the router using a computer running terminal emulation software. Does not have to be configured.

Console port

This router component is located on the motherboard or on separate interface modules.

Network interfaces

What are the four internal components and what are they used for?

1.ROM- diagnostics and boot up stored 2.FLASH- manufactures memory that holds the IOS. 3.NVRAM-store the startup-configuration file 4. RAM-working memory for the router Contains configuration file, a copy of iOS, routing tables and any associated data.

Sends packets to a destination using the same or single path.

Single- Path algorithms

In this algorithm system all routers are peers of all others. Must use the same subnet mask since it's not included in the routing table

Flat algorithms

Called classless and supports VLSM.. Must include subnet mask.... Primary advantage is that it mimics the structure of most organizations and supports their system.

Hierarchical algorithms

Only used within a routing domain. | Used to exchange info within an autonomous system or routing domain

Intra-domain

Use with exterior gateway protocol. | Exchanges information within an between autonomous.

Inter-domain algorithms

Defined by the system administrator only as the only path to the destination.

Static routes

Defined by the system admin as the path to take when no route to the destination is known. Gateway of last resort.

Static route

A network layer protocol that exchanges information packets with other Internetwork routers in order to build and maintain a routing table. Learned paths from other routers

Dynamic learned routers

The most common routing metric

Path length

Refers to dependability of each network link

Reliability

Refers to the length of time required to move a packet from source to destination through the Internetwork

Delay

Available traffic capacity of a link

Bandwidth

Refers to the degree to which a network resource, such as a router, is busy.

Load

Send packets to a destination using the same or Singlepath unless there is a topology change that affects the available route

Single-path algorithms

Supports multiple paths to the destination by load-balancing or load sharing

Mult-path algorithms

This routing structure is called "classless" routing and supports variable length subnet mask (VLSM)

Hierarchical

The primary advantage of hierarchal algorithm routing is that?

It mimics the structure of most organizations and therefore supports their traffic patterns well

Works within a routing domain.... Rip, IGRP, EIGRP , OSPF

Intra-domain algorithms

Used with exterior gateway protocol... BGP is an example

Inter-domain algorithms

Uses routing tables by using broadcast routing update messages when the network topology changes and at regular intervals.

Distance vector

These build a complete topological map of the entire area in memory which allows them to see the entire path to the destination network ensuring the path is valid and is the best available path

Link state algorithms

What are the three classes of routing protocols

Distance vector Link state Balanced hybrid

What are the two distance Victor protocols

RIP router information protocol | IGRP interior gateway routing protocol

This is considered a pure distance routing protocol it uses only one path length or hop count for its calculations to insert routes into routing tables.

Routing information

What is the max hop count for RIP